This bibliography is available upon request in an Pro Cite® or text format on PC/Mac diskette.

A short personnal note is generally joined to each reference. It is not aimed to be an abstract but rather to pinpoint to the most useful data or statments relevant to bleaching, or of general interest, in order to give ideas on the kind of work, or to permit quick rememorization.

Some publications were not directly available to us: Gardiner (1903), Vaughan (1911, 1914), and all communications published in the Proc. Caribb. Is. Mar Lab, 1988.

Abbreviations: BL, bleaching, Z zooxanthellae, H host, T temperature, SW seawater, Chl chlorophyll, Mc, Montastrea complanata, Ma, M. annularis, Mill, Millepora, Ac, Acropora complanata, Ap, A. palmata.

ACEVEDO, R., and GOENAGA, C., 1986. Note on coral bleaching after a chronic flooding in southwestern Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sc., 22, 225. *Rainfall, 1985. Turbid water downto to 10 meters. BL of 3 species downto 20m (M. meandrina, P. asteroides, S. sidera) at 30-60%

ADEY, W. H., and LOVELAND, K., 1991. Dynamic aquaria. 643 pp. Acad. Press, San Diego. *Review. Note: decrease of photosynthesis when no agitation.

ADEY, W. H., and STENECK, R. S., 1985. Highly productive Eastern Caribbean reefs: synergistic effects of biological, chemical, physical, and geological factors. NOAA Symp. Undersea Res., 3/1, 163-188. *Many data, O2, N, P, flow rate, biotic composition at 5 reefs in 4 seasons. Productivity above all by turf; control by light (no light saturation) and by flow rate within but not in between reefs; N and P unclear (P increases from fore to back reef !, N/P ratio 3.5-4.8)

ADLER, J., and BRALEY, R., 1989. Serious mortality in populations of giant clams on reef surrounding Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Aust. J. Mar. Fresh. Res., 40, 205-213. *Mass mortality (but not bleaching) in July 1985 (and July 1986 and 1987), quite probably due to an unidentified unicellular organism

ALBERTE, R. S., CHENG, L., and LEWIN, R. A., 1986. Photosynthetic characteristics of Prochloron sp./ascidian symbioses. I. Light and temperature responses of the algal symbiont of Lissoclinum patella. Mar. Biol., 90, 575-587. *Photosynthesis with a break at 30°C, Q10=3.5 under 30°C, -1.5 above. Respiration increase regularly (Q10=1.7)

ALBERTE, R. S., CHENG, L., and LEWIN, R. A., 1987. Characteristics of Prochloron sp./ascidian symbioses. II. Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships and carbon balance of association from Palau, Micronesa. Symbiosis, 4, 147-170. *Same as previous, extended

ALMERS, W., 1990. Exocytosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 52, 607-624. *Review

AL-MOGHRABI, S., 1992. Métabolisme et transport des nutriments dans un modèle d'association symbiotique animal-végétal: les microcolonies d'un sclératiniaire à zooxanthelles Galaxea fascicularis. Thèse, Univ. Nice, France, 221p., *Direct evidence of active HCO3- uptake (probably exclusive) by inhibitors and dynamic studies. Optimum photosynthesis at pH 8.6-8.8.

AL-MOGHRABI, S., GOIRAN, C., ALLEMAND, D., SPEZIALE, N., and JAUBERT, J., 1996. Inorganic carbon uptake for photosynthesis by the symbiotic coral/dinoflagellate association. II Mechanisms for bicarbonate uptake. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 199, 227-248. *Pursuit of Goiran et al (1996). Photosynthesis of colonies, FIZ, CZ inhibited by DIS (HCO3 carrier) respectively total, total, 70% (not at low pH), by DCCD (H+ATPase, also DES, vanadate) total, total, 20%, by EZ (carbonic anhydrase) total 60%, 60%, by AZ (idem, impermeant) 90%, 60%, 10%, by Verapamil (Ca++) 80% in colonies, by zero-Na SW 55%, 0%, 97%. Immunolocalization of carbonic anhydrase around FIZ, none in CZ. Synthetic model : host HCO3 pumps of different types (and some CA) regulated by Ca++ or internal pH, symbionts with outward H+ pump and CA for high CO2 in symbiosome (also CA in chloroplast ?). CZ with different HCO3 pumps. Do in hospite Z have HCO3 pump or not ?

ALVE, E., 1995. Benthic foraminiferal responses to estuarine pollution : a review. J. Foram. Res., 25, 190-203. *Excellent review. On small benthic foraminifers only mostly temperate. Detailed synthesis of abnormal test morphology, occuring with reduced salinity, nutrition level, rapidly changing environment and pollution : harbors, seawage, chemical pollution, heat power plants, oil spills, heavy metals.

ANDERSON, J. M., and C. B. OSMOND, 1987. Sun-shade responses: compromises between acclimatation and photoinhibition. In : KYLE, D. J., OSMOND, C. B., and ARNTZEN, C. J., Photoinhibition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1-38. *Review. Many physiological and biological data, discussion on adaptation.

ANDREWS, J. C., 1983. Thermal waves on the Queensland shelf. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 34, 81-96. *Data during the Feb.-May 1980 bleaching event with perhaps downwelling (driven by East Australian current meanders and longshore winds at 91-day period). Inshore 40m depth water line generaly unstratified, with lower T-driven density than of shelf water in summer. Undersurface shelf T covariance over 100km, in phase or opposite phase, influencing lagoon by crest overpass. Also evidence of tidal pumping.

ANDREWS, J. C., and GENTIEN, P., 1982. Upwelling as a source of nutrients for the Great Barrier Reef ecosystems: a solution to Darwin's question ? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 8, 257-269. *Hydrographic processes from global to fine scales. Deep offshore pumping exitated by planetary waves (90 days frequency), than upward by longshore currents reversals (30 day frequency), and advected by spur and groove structures. Reef temperature variation with 0.2-1.5°C at the 30 days frequency, coherent at ±100km spatial scale. Observation in winter of a "cascade" of cool, oxygenated somewhat saline water

ANDREWS, J. C., and G. L. PICKARD, 1990. The physical oceanography of coral-reef systems. In : DUBINSKY, Z., Coral Reefs. Ecosystems of the world 25. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 11-48. *Complete review

ANDREWS, J. C., DUNLAP, W. C., and BELLAMY, N. F., 1984. Stratification in a small lagoon in the Great Barrier Reef. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 35, 273-284. *Davies Reef, with exchange with ocean water only over reef crest 22.7-29.6°C with 0.5°C diurnal variation. Stratification on 2-3 levels with maximum ÆT ±1°C (April 1980). Water exchange at each tide except on hot calm days. 90% stratification lasting less than 18 hours. Stratification controlled primarly by longshore winds (at 3.6 and 9-43 days frequencies)

ANG, D., LIBEREREK, K., SKOWYRA, D., ZYLICZ, M., and GEORGOPOULOS, C., 1991. Biological role and regulation of the universally conserved heat shock proteins. J. Biol. Chem., 266/ 36, 24233-24236. *Minireview. Regulation at transcription and expression level in few minutes, caracteristic of T. Hsp70/ dnaK, Hsp60/groES/groEL, Hsp90, Hsp104 and others. Chaperonin role, also protease activity and degradation of abnormal proteins. Hsp60 50% similitude with Rubisco binding-proteins

ARAI, A., and MIURA, A., 1991. Effects of salinity and light intensity on the growth of brown algae, Sargassum ringgoldianum. Suisanzoshoku, 39, 315-319. *Bleaching at low salinity. In japanese.

ARO, E., and ANDERSSON, B., 1993. Photoinhibition of photosystem II. Inactivation, protein damage and turnover. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1143, 113-134. *Good recent review. Photoinhibition rather on the acceptor side (at Qa-Qb site) than at donor side (H2O splitting). fast, semi-stable stable and non-decaying (Qb leave,Qa-, Qa2-, loss of Qa). DCMU protection.

ASADA, K., and TAKAHASHI, M., 1987. Production and scavenging of active oxygen in photosynthesis. In : KYLE, D. J., OSMOND, C. B., and ARNTZEN, C. J., Photoinhibition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 227-287. *Best review on the subject.

ATKINSON, M. J., and BILGER, R. W., 1992. Effets of water velocity on phosphate uptake in coral reef-flat communities. Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 273-279. *Phosphore uptake is strongly correlated with current, about 5 time higher at flow of 50cm/s than still water (uptake calculated with slope log concentration vs. time, what biological signification ?; linear regression of uptake vs. flow give slightly better correlation than their log law, table 3).

ATKINSON, M. J., CARLSON, B., and CROW, G. L., 1995. Coral growth in high-nutrient, low-pH seawater: a case study of corals cultured at the Waikiki aquarium, Honolulu, Hawaii. Coral Reefs, 14, 215-225. *Nine 0.4-1.6 m3 tanks with good coral growth inspite of high-nutrient, low-pH 7.5-7.8, 2-3 times pCO2 but 10-20% lower TA.

ATKINSON, M. J., KOTLER, E., and NEWTON, P., 1994. Effects of water velocity on respiration, calcification, and ammonia uptake of a Porites compressa community. Pac. Sc., 48, 296-303. *Doubling NH4 uptake with 10-fold increase of water velocity. No effect on respiration nor on calcification (but measures lasted only one daylight).

ATWOOD, D. K., HENDEE, J. C., and MENDEZ, A., 1992. An assessment of global warming stress on Caribbean coral reef ecosystems. Bull. Mar. Sc., 51, 118-130. *NOAA maps, 1987, 1990, T<30°C, generally <29°C, anomalies almost always <0.5°C. NODC, in situ open ocean T since 1914 no warming, no variance increase. In studies of McCornack, Goreau, probable satellite data contamination. Skin effect !. In situ onshore T data (Miami, Puerto Rico, only a decade), no trend. Warm water from Florida Bay in Looe Key when dolldrums, but not a new phenomenon; people predict bleaching one week forward when dolldrums ! Discussion of bleaching "cycles" and El Niño. Conclude to the need of monitoring not only T.

ATWOOD, D. K., J. C. HENDEE, and MENDEZ, A., 1996. An assessment of global warming stress on Caribbean coral reef ecosystem. In : GORDON PIRIE, R., Oceanography. Contemporary readings in ocean sciences, 3rd ed. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 250-262. *Same as 1992 work. No relation of BL and El Niño. T records, Puerto Rico 1980-1988 (max 29.9°C) and off Miami 1964-1971 (often >31°C).

ATWOOD J.C., SYLVESTER J.C., CORREDOR J.E., MORELL J.M., MENDEZ A., NODAL W.J., HUSS B.E., and FOLTZ C., 1988. Sea surface anomalies for the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, Florida reef track and the Bahamas considered in light of the 1987 regional coral reef bleaching. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 21, 47.

BABLET, J. P., GOUT, B., and GOUTIERE, G., 1996. Les atolls de Mururoa et de Fangataufa. III Le milieu vivant et son évolution. Ed. CEA/DAM. 306p., *BL by thermonuclear thermique flash. Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, not Porites, Favia, Acanthastrea, Lobophyllia, Psammocora. Recovery after 15 y. "Classical" BL event also in 1994 (at least) as in Tahiti.

BADGER, M. R., 1987. The CO2-concentrating mechanism in aquatic phototrophs. Acad. Press. The Biochemitry of Plants, 10, 219-274. *A good review on the subject.

BAK, R. P., 1978. Lethal and sublethal effects of dredging on reef corals. Mar. Poll. Bull., 9, 14-16. *Sediment cover up to 1cm thick, only minor BL observed. Net reduction of cacification during 1-2 months after perturbation

BAK, R. P. M., LAMBRECHTS, D. Y. M., JOENJE, M., NIEUWLAND, G., and VAN VEGHEL, M. L. J., 1996. Long-term changes on coral reefs in booming populations of a competitive colonial ascidian. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 133, 303-306. *Increase 900% of ahermatypic (?) ascidian in Curaçao 1978-93. Pollution, bleaching-related ?

BAKER, N. R., 1991. A possible role for photosystem II in environmental perturbations of photosynthesis. Physiol. Plantarum, 81, 563-570. *Minireview. Standart model. Photoinhibition especially at low temperture (D1 repair)

BAKER, N. R., and HORTON, P., 1987. Chlorophyll fluorescence quenching during photoinhibition. In : KYLE, D. J., OSMOND, C. B., and ARNTZEN, C. J., Photoinhibition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 145-168. *Review.

BAKUN, A., 1990. Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling. Science, 247, 198-201. *Alongshore wind stress increase with heated land/colder ocean, driving Ekman upwelling and sea cooling (thus with positive feedback) on ocean west coast. Data from California, Peru, Marocco, Iberia.

BANASZAK, A., and TRENCH, R. K., 1995. Effect of ultraviolet (UV) on marine microalgal-invertebrate symbioses. I Response of the algal symbionts in culture and in hospite. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 194, 213-232. *Temperate Anthopleura and tropical Cassiopea, with/without 1µE/m2.s UV. In culture, reduced growth in Anthopleura Z, less chlo, motility in Cassiopea Z. Multiple cell walls in Anthopleura Z after 1 month. In symbiose, nothing.

BARNES, D. J., 1983. Profiling coral reef productivity and calcification using pH and oxygen electrodes. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 66, 149-161. *One transect in Davies Reef flat, July 1981, 6 months before bleaching. April-Oct. 1980 alkalinity normal, 2338µM Eq./l. "Excursions [of parameters] will be reliable indications of perturbations"

BARNES, D. J., 1985. The effect of photosynthetic and respiratory inhibitors upon calcification in the staghorn coral Acropora formosa. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Cong., 1985, Tahiti. 6/161-166. *Calcification inhibited as photosynthesis by DCMU in 1 hour experiments

BARNES, D. J., 1988. Seasonality in community productivity and calcification at Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef. In : Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1988, Townsville, Australia. 2, 521-527. *O2/pH/Alk transects in mid-end December 1981, just before bleaching event (between 18/11/81 and 7/1/82 at Geoffroy Bay - which was "not nearly as conspicuous, confined to scattered pocilloporids" at Davies Reef, Oliver, 1985). Low alkalinity values 2157-2177µEq/l "almost certainly too low". Normal in Aug. 84, 2300µEq/l. Artifact ?

BARNES, D. J., and DEVEREUX, M. J., 1984. Productivity and calcification on a coral reef: a survey using pH and oxygen electrode techniques. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 79, 213-231. *9 reef flat transects with 0-1700µE/m2.s light, photosynthesis/irradiance curves hyperbolic, calcification/ irradiance crudly linear. Daily integrated, P=8.8gC/m2.d, R=7.6, Calc gross, 19.1gCaCO3/m2.d, dissolution -9.7

BARNES, D. J., and LAZAR, B., 1991. Metabolic rates of the shallow coral reef community in Elat, Red Sea Abstract.. In : Proc. 12th Conf. Interuniv. Inst. H. Steinitz Mar. Biol. Lab., Eilat, Feb. 26-March 1, 1991, 71-72. *O2/pH method. Rate in gC/ m2.day: photo 12, resp 8, calc 5, diss 3 (=6kgCaCO3/m2.y). Ratio dissolution/"gross" calc=2/3

BARSBY, J., and DIAB, R. D., 1995. Total ozone and synoptic weather relationships over southern Africa and surrounding oceans. J. Geophys. Res., 100/D2, 3023-3032. *First work in tropics on O3 and weather, 0°S (Nairobi, Harare) to 50°S. Depressions induce stratospheric O3 air to go in troposphere, so low correlation 03/anticyclonic weather, but mainly in winter and particularly bad for tropic.

BÉ, A., SPERO, H. J., and ANDERSON, O. R., 1982. Effects of symbiont elimination and reinfection on the life processes of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer. Mar. Biol., 70, 73-86. *Aposymbiosis in 3 days with 10µM DCMU

BEHRENFELD, M. J., BALE, A. J., KOBLER, Z. S., AIKEN, J., and FALKOWSKI, P. J., 1996. Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplancton photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature, 383, 508-511. *Among data on low photochemical quantum efficiency in oligotrophic plankton, with strong diel pattern (Fv/Fm 0.25 in night, <0.4 in day). Rise to 0.55 with Fe (note : oligo-metals prevent bleaching, according to Wilkens, 1990).

BELLAMY, N., and RISK, M. J., 1982. Coral gas : oxygen in Millepora on the Great Barrier Reef. Science, 215, 1618-1619. *Escape of bubbles of 70% O2 from broken branches Millepora, coming probably from endolithic algae.

BENAZET-TAMBUTTE, S., 1996. Le tissu oral des Anthozoaires: fonctionnement et rôle dans l'association symbiotique. Thèse Univ. Aix-Marseille II, France, 241p. *Mediterranean Anemonia viridis studied by tentacule bags or Ussing chamber about role of endo/ectoderm. Coelenteric fluid rapidly alkalinized in light to pH 9 by carbon uptake (not OH excretion !) explaining light-enhanced calcification in cnidarians. Low permeability to HCO3 of tissu. Necessity of active uptake, confirmed by inhibitors (DIDS, DES, AZ, EZ). From data, inorganic carbon comes rather from coelenteric fluid after pumping from SW. Suggestion that mesoglea has high pCO2. "Symbiosis is a transfer or duplication of Carbon Concentration Mechanism"

BENAZET-TAMBUTTE, S., ALLEMAND, D., and JAUBERT, J., 1996. Inorganic carbon supply to symbiont photosynthesis of the sea anemone, Anemonia viridis: Role of the oral epithelial layers. Symbiosis, 20, 199-217. *From Mediterranean. Study of tentacule bags with zero-HCO3 -Na SW and inhibitors. Part of C source coming from internal space, but no polarity of endo/ ectoderm. Active HCO3 uptake required confirmed by DIDS, DES, AZ additive inhibition of photosynthesis.

BERGER, W. H., 1972. Planktonic Foraminifera : sediment production in an oceanic front. J. Foram. res., 1, 95-118. *Smaller last chambers "kummerform", indicative of environmental stress (general arguments), 2-16% in living, 50% in empty shell and sediments, at end of growth.

BERGER, W. H., 1982. Increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during deglaciation: the coral reef hypothesis. Naturwissenschaft., 69, 87-88. *Old hypothesis of CO2 increase by reef build up with sea level rise at deglaciation (it is now known that sea level rise lag CO2 increase; in addition, most reefs were drown, and this must be now taken in consideration in CO2 models)

BERGER, W. H., and KEIR, R. S., 1984. Glacial-Holocene changes in atmospheric CO2 and the deep-sea record. In : HANSEN, J. E., and TAKAHASHI, T., Climate processes and climate sensitivity (Geophys. Monogr. 29). 337-351. *Box model of various hypothesis, in which the "coral reef" one. Reef calcification increases atmospheric CO2 of 10-20ppm. "We need to know more about the history of coral reef growth".

BERNER, T., WISHKOVSKY, A., and DUBINSKY, Z., 1986a. Endozoic algae in shelled gasteropods - a new symbiotic association in coral reefs ? I. Photosynthetically active zooxanthellae in Strombus tricornis. Coral Reefs, 5, 103-106. *Active dinoflagellate in hepatopancreas and gonad, with carbon translocation.

BERNER, T., WISHKOVSKY, A., and DUBINSKY, Z., 1986b. Endozoic algae in shelled gasteropods - a new symbiotic association in coral reefs ? II. Survey of distribution of endozoic algae in Red Sea snails. Coral Reefs, 5, 107-109. *Chlorophyll pigment in many species.

BERRY, J. A., 1989. Studies of mechanisms affecting the fractionation of carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. In : RUNDELL, P. W., EHLERINGER, J. R., and NAGY, K. A., Stable isotopes in ecological research. Springer-Verlag, New York, 82-94, *Short review. First data of fractionation by induced HCO3- uptake (in Chlamydomonas) with (crude) calculation of CO2 leakage.

BIJMA, J., FABER, W. W., and HEMLEBEN, C., 1990. Temperature and salinity limits for growth and survival of some planktonic foraminifers in laboratory cultures. J. Foram. Res., 20, 95-116. *Temperature limit 30-32°C, as is open ocean. Idem for non-symbiotic ones.

BLACK, C. C., and BENDER, M. M., 1976. ¶13C values in marine organisms from the Great Barrier Reef. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 3, 25-32. *Concerning photosymbiosis, 1 data on Tridacna muscle, -16°%, 1 data on its zooxanthellae -23.3°%.

BLACK, N. A., VOELLMY, R., and SZMANT, A. M., 1995. Heat shock protein induction in Montastrea faveolata and Aiptasia pallida exposed to elevated temperatures. Biol. Bull., 188, 234-240. *Short term (2h) T stress up to 35°C, no BL reported, only anemone contraction. Different hsp produced, hsp74 in Montastrea, hsp68 and 72 in Aiptasia, but only at 33°C (slightly) and 35°C. None at 31°C for 1 week. Other references.

BLACKBOURN, H. D., WALKER, J. H., and BATTEY, N. H., 1991. Calcium-dependant phospholopid-binding proteins in plants. Planta, 184, 67-73. *Caracterisation of annexins, supposed to mediate Ca++ regulation of exocytosis, in mais. Note: low pH increase their Ca++ affinity.

BLANK, R. J., 1986. Unusual chloroplast structure in endosymbiotic dinoflagellates: a clue to evolutionary differentiation within the genus Symbodinium (Dinophyceae). Pl. Syst. Evol., 151, 271-280. *Carboxysome-like structure in chloroplast of Z of Cassiopea, Montipora, Zoanthus socialis.

BLANK, R. J., 1987. Cell architecture of the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. inhabiting the Hawaiian stony coral Montipora verrucosa. Mar. Biol., 94, 143-155. *Fine ultrastructural description. Are there carboxysomes ?

BLANK, R. J., and TRENCH, R. K., 1988. Immunogold localization of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in Symbiodinium kawaguti Trench and Blank, an endosymbiotic dinoflagellate. Endocyt. Cell Res., 5, 75-82. *Mostly in carboxysome (Z from Montipora verrucosa).

BLUBAUGH, D. J., and GOVINDJEE, 1991. Bicarbonate, not CO2, is the species required for the stimulation of photosystem II electron transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 848, 147-151. *At the Qa->Qb site, for proton transfert ? PSII Km(HCO3)= 80µM, only a third of normal level.

BLUBAUGH, D. J., ATAMIAN, M., BABCOCK, G. T., GOLBECK, J. H., and CHENIAE, G. M., 1991. Photoinhibition of hydroxylamine-extracted photosystem II membranes: identification of sites of photodamage. Biochemistry, 30, 7586-7597. *Specialized article; photoinhibition at tyrosine161/P680/Car+ site (not oxygen radical nor Qb, Qa, P680/Pheo, O2 splitting complex)

BOHORQUEZ C.A., 1988. Coral bleaching in the central Colombian Caribbean. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 21, 52.

BOLTOVSKY, E., and WRIGHT, R., 1976. Recent Foraminifera. 515p. Junk Publ., The Hague. *Very complete synthesis, with a good chapter on shell abnormalities, observed only in special conditions (pollution, restricted facies).

BOOTH, W. A., and BEARDALL, J., 1991. Effects of salinity on inorganic carbon utilization and carbonic anhydrase activity in the halotolerant Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta). Phycol., 30, 220-225. *Salinity (per see) strongly affects inorganic carbon uptake. Low salinity decrease CO2 affinity by 100, HCO3- affinity by 20, and external CA.

BOSCH, T. C. G., and PRAETZEL, G., 1991. The heat shock response in hydra: immunological relationship of hsp60, the major heat shock protein of Hydra vulgaris, to the ubiquitous hsp70 family. Hydrobiol., 216/217, 513-517. *Hsp60 synthesis induced by warming from 18 to 33°C for 2 hours (>22°C). No relation with hsp70 family, which is also present in normal condition.

BOWES, G., (Ed.), 1989. Photosynthesis and respiration in aquatic plants. Aquat. Bot., 34, 1-302. *Special Issue.

BRADLEY, B. P., 1990. Stress proteins: their detection and uses in biomonitoring. In : LANDIS, W. G., and VAN DER SCHALIE, W. H., Aquatic toxicology and risk assessment. Am. Soc. Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, vol. 30, ASTM STP 1096/338-347. *Review

BRANDT, P., 1988. Strain and stage-specific high-temperature treatment of Euglena gracilis causes permanent apochlorosis. J. Plant Physiol., 133, 281-287. *Probable impairment at 34.5°C of one of the tRNA polymerase of chloroplast (and then PSI, PSII, LHCII), maybe of 70S ribosome. Different from higher plants, which do not possess the sensitive enzyme. Depends of culture phase, light, organic compound supply, and strains.

BRASSEUR, G., and GRANIER, C., 1992. Mount Pinatubo aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone depletion. Science, 257, 1239-1242. *Modelization. Loss of ozone of a few % in the stratosphere, rather by change of circulation and aerosol heating.

BRETTEL, K., 1997. Electron transfer and arrangement of the redox cofactors in photosystem I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1318, 322-373. *Review. Description of structure and charge movement at picosecond scale only. No physiology.

BROECKER, W. S., and TAKAHASHI, T., 1966. Calcium carbonate precipitation on the Bahamas Banks. J. Geol. Res, 71, 1572-1602. *A classical work. Decrease pH with long-term residence of sea water due to calcification, low ÆpCO2 with atmosphere due to evasion (probably no imbalance in carbon bilan when more recent value of gaz exchange are used). Inverse relationship between calcification and sursaturation {Calc=4.4µM/m2.day*(sursat-1)} (in my opinion, bad) argument for inorganic precipitation (rather sensitive organisms). Whiting (greatest problem of Earth carbon cycle ?).

BROWN, B. E., 1987. Worldwide death of corals - Natural cyclical events or man-made pollution ? Mar. Poll. Bull., 18, 9-13. *News. T, drought. BL extended to 15m depth in sheltered site, Indonesia. Subaerial exposure on spring tides.

BROWN, B. E., and HOWARD, L. S., 1985. Assessing the effects of "stress" on reef corals. Adv. Mar. Biol., vol. 22. 63 pp. Acad. Press, London. *Review of natural and anthropogenic perturbations, recovery, and physiological impacts; a chapter on zooxanthellae loss.

BROWN, B. E., and OGDEN, J. C., 1993. Coral bleaching. Sci. Am., Jan., 44-50. *News.

BROWN, B. E., and SUHARSONO, 1990. Damage and recovery of coral reefs affected by El Niño related seawater warming in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Coral Reefs, 8, 163-170. *Begin in April 83, 4-6 week after warming and end of wet monsoon. May 80-90% death, begin of recovery end of July. Reef flat and reef slope downto 15m. Particularly branching corals (Acropora all dead, Pocillopora, Montipora, blue Heliopora). Normal polype behavior. In March-Aug, 2-3°C higher (up to 33°C). Daily T fluctuation 5°C. Normal rainfall and cloud free days. Recovery 90%->50% coral cover from 83 to 88 (by recruitment). Variable signification of diversity measures.

BROWN, B. E., DUNNE, R. P., and CHANSANG, H., 1996. Coral bleaching relative to elevated seawater temperature in the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) over the last 50 years. Coral Reefs, 15, 151-152. *Monthly mean global SST since 1946, correlated 0.79 with T in situ last year. Bleaching in 1991 and 1995 with highest T at 30.27°C and 30.28°C in May, no bleaching in 1988 at 30.11°C (30.09°C in 1966), so very small T anomaly (0.26°C, within 2 SD). Positive T trend (for me because low T in 1945-60). Rapid T rise in 1995, so no pre-exposure required. Suggest limited adaptation.

BROWN, B. E., DUNNE, R. P., SCOFFIN, T. P., and LE TISSIER, M. D. A., 1994a. Solar damage in intertidal corals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 105, 219-230. *Directional bleaching when subaerial exposure of G. aspera, Phuket, Thailand. Normal T. Not UV which has low directional pattern. Dessication, heating, PAR effect ? (ÆT night/day 1.2°C)

BROWN, B. E., LE TISSIER, M. D. A., and BYTHELL, J. C., 1995. Mechanisms of bleaching deduced from histological studies of reef corals sampled during a natural bleaching event. Mar. Biol., 122, 655-663. *Bleaching in Phuket, Thailand, in end May 1991, intertidal to subtidal. T 0.8°C above mean 1951-1980, 30.2°C instead 29.5°C whithin 2 SD. Few completely bleached. Histological studies of 5 species Å5 weeks after. BL with very few to 50% normal Z number more reduction in oral than mesenterial or basal, 0.4-2.1 versus 1.5-4.6 pgChl/Z. Large abundandant mucuous cells, lipid reserve in mesenterial. Z degraded except basal area, with loss of circularity vacuolisation around, many empty vacuole, often in dividing state; exist Z in mesoglea. Three mehanisms : Z degradation, release from excretory zone, exist loss of endodermal cells in Goniapora (extreme response).

BROWN, B., LE TISSIER, M. D. A., and DUNNE, R. P., 1994b. Tissue retraction in the scleratinian coral Coeloseris mayeri, its effect upon coral pigmentation, and preliminary implications for heat balance. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 105, 209-218. *Tissue retraction when sub-aerial exposure of agariciid, March 93, Phuket, Thailand. No change of Z number nor chl. Only reduction of 10% of absorbance. One half UV and one third light reduction under 2 cm of calm water.(UV: 2.68/1.45W/m2).

BUDDMEIER, R. W., and FAUSTIN, D. G., 1993. Coral bleaching as an adaptative mechanism. A testable hypothesis. Bioscience, 43, 320-326. * Hypothesis: bleaching provides an opportunity for the host to be repopulated with different partners (how to know ?). Mostly on genetical variation of zooxanthellae. Generalists opposed to specialists (Å r- and K-strategists). "Background bleaching rather normal regulatory process". (My commentary: reaganic vision Å "crisis is a good way for pushing adaptation").

BUNKLEY WILLIAMS, L., and WILLIAMS, E. H., 1987. Coral reef "bleaching" peril reported. Oceanus, 30, 71. *News. Cloud of shed zooxhanthellae reduce visibility to 2 m in Puerto Rico and Florida Key just before bleaching.

BUNKLEY WILLIAMS, L., and WILLIAMS, E. H., 1988. Coral reef bleaching. Current crisis, future warning. Sea Frontiers, 34, 80-87. *News. Clouds of Z. Upper face of Acropora palmata, Plexaurella. Secondary pigments in Siderastrea sidera, in mouth of Agaricia and Leptoseris, anemons. BL at periphery of Agaricia and Leptoseris.

BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS, L., and WILLIAMS, E. H., 1990. Global assault on coral reefs. Nat. Hist., 4, 47-54. *News. Clouds of expelled zooxanthellae said "dead and dying".

BUNCKLEY-WILLIAMS, L., MORELOCK, J., and WILLIAMS, E. H., 1991. Lingering effects of the 1987 mass bleaching of Puerto Rican coral reefs in mid to late 1988. J. Aquat. Animal Health, 3, 242-247. *Monitoring by photo and tagging for 1 year. BL of Siderastrea s. (30%) (some pink) Meandrina m., Porites asteroides (12%), Dichocoenia stokesi, Agaricia downto 60m, sponge Xestospongia muta 69m. Color change in Mycale laevis. Recovery more than 5 months, additional BL still 1 year after.

BURRIS, J. E., PORTER, J. W., and LAING, W. A., 1983. Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on coral photosynthesis. Mar. Biol., 75, 113-116. *Misleading title. Few or no effects but not of CO2 (and pH) but only of addition of bicarbonate (total carbon).

CANE, M. A., CLEMENT, A. C., KAPLAN, A., KUSHNIR, Y., POZDNYASKOV, D., SEAGER, R., ZEBIAK, S. E., and MURTUGUDDE, R., 1997. Twentieth-century sea surface temperature trends. Science, 275, 957-960. *0.4°C/century. Not in Caribbean (fig.). Bjerkness mechanism to mitigate global warming by anti-El Niño, convincing. Water pressure first. BUT ended in 1976 with many El Niño (compare fig. 3A and 3B). Does cooling effect of renewal of equatorial thermocline (few decades with waters coming from surface subtropics) already ends up ? Cloud cirrus thermostat critizes (note 18).

CANNON, C., ADELSBERG, V. J., KELLY, S., and AL-AWQATI, Q., 1985. Carbon-dioxide-induced exocytotic insertion of H+ pumps in turtle-bladder luminal membrane: role of cell pH and calcium. Nature, 314, 443-446. *One clear example of pHi/Ca/ exocytosis. 5% CO2 (without acidification of medium) induce internal acidification (pH -0.5 ) and in turn increase free calcium (100->250nM) which provoques exocytosis.

CARICOMP, 1996. Studies on Caribbean coral bleaching, 1995. In : 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Abstract, June 1996, Panama. 32. *In oral com. : bleaching almost everywhere apart Tobago. Some high T, superior to 2 previous years but not always. Generally shallow sites. Opposite fore/back reef pattern in near cays in Belize. Agaricia, Diplora, Montastrea, Millepora, Porites, Siderastrea.

CARRIQUIRY, J. D., RISK, M. J., and SCHWARCZ, H. P., 1988. Timing and temperature record from stable isotopes of the 1982-1983 El Niño warming event in eastern pacific corals. Palaios, 3, 359-364. *¶18O from Porites lobata of Isla del Caño record a +2°C temperature anomaly (32°C) during the 1982-1983 El Niño. Salinity interference possible: in situ temperature in Jan 83 was only 30°C in shallow areas, 29°C at 15m depth. Deeper corals were more affected.

CARY, L. R., 1918. A study of respiration in Alcyonaria. Pap. Dept. Mar. Biol., Carnegie Instn., Wash., 11, 187-191. *Lethal T in 1 h of 12 species. 3 groups: Eunicia, Plexaura 34.5-35°C, Gorgonia 37-37.5°C, Briareum asbestum 38.2°C. Increased respiration with high T (no data). Respiration rate (2 hours, 5 replicates, normalized to wheight living tissue) not correlated to T sensibility (apart B. asbestum).

CATES, N., and McLAUGHLIN, J. J. A., 1976. Differences of amonia metabolism in symbiotic and aposymbiotic Condylactus and Cassiopea spp. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 21, 1-5. *BL in 6-8 weeks.

CAUSEY, B.D., 1988. Observations of environmental conditions preceeding the coral bleaching event of 1987. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 21, 48.

CAUSEY, B.D., HALAS, J.C., HUDSON, J.H., and JAAP, W.C., 1988. Zooxanthelles expulsion in Florida reefs during 1987. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 21, 51.

CHANG, S. S., PRÉZELIN, B. B., and TRENCH, R. K., 1983. Mechanisms of photoadaptation in three strains of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum. Mar. Biol., 76, 219-229. *Cultivated Z of a tridacn, an anemon, and a coral at 4 light intensities during 1 and half month. Adaptation by respectively changing PSU size, PSU number, and electron transport and Rubisco. No clear change of peridinin, ßcarotene per chl a; increase xanthophyll/chl a with light.

CHAVE, K. E., SMITH, S. V., and ROY, K. J., 1972. Carbonate production by coral reefs. Mar. Geol., 12, 123-140. *Review. Gross/net calcification ratio Å 10 ?

CIERESZKO, L. S., 1988. Sterol and diterpenoid production by zooxanthellae in coral reefs: a review. Biol. Oceanogr., 6, 363-374. *Partally bleached Condylactis in dark contain only 30% C30 sterol gorgosterol, produced by Z (Boatwright, 1974, MS Thesis)

CLAUSEN, C. D., 1971. Effects of temperature on the rate of 45Ca uptake by Pocillopora damicornis. In : LENHOFF, H. M., MUSCATINE, L., and DAVIES, L. V., Experimental coelenterate biology. Univ. Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 246-259. *Optimum of calcification at 25°C, reduced to half at 30°C during 3 or 6 hours. Very high Q10 of 6.7 and 12.7.

CLAUSEN, C. D., and ROTH, A. A., 1975. Effect of temperature and temperature adaptation on calcification rate in hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar. Biol., 33, 93-100. *Temperature optimum 27-31°C, maybe two optima (seen only in one serie of experiment) and/or shift with in situ temperature (long term adaptation). Optimum of calcification is 3-4°C above in situ. Reduced calcification in only 1/2 hour with high or low T, -50% at 36°C for those at 28°C in situ, -10% at 34°C for those at 22.6°C in situ. Longer incubation show only slight more inhibition. Shift of optimum according to lab acclimatation.

CLIMAP, 1981. Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum. Geol. Soc. Am., Map and Chart Ser., 36, 1-36. *My conclusion: reconstructions of glacial SST indicate La Niña pattern, oh, implications !. And notice T transfer function discrepency only for East Pacific.

COCKEY, E., HALLOCK, P., and LIZ, B. H., 1996. Decadal-scale changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages off Key Largo, Florida. Coral Reefs, 15, 237-248. *Comparaison of samples from 1959-61, 82, 91-92 at family level. Great shift in dominance from large symbiotic forams to small heterotrophic ones. Rather interpreted as due to eutrophication, but I cannot agree, bleaching related phenomenon.

COFFROTH, M. A., H. R. LASKER, and OLIVIER, J. K., 1989. Coral mortality outside the eastern Pacific during 1982-1983: relationship to El Niño. In : GLYNN, P. W., Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Amsterdam, 141-182. *Synthesis. Global link of BL and ENSO problematic: clear for East Pacific (T), Central Pacific (rains, storms, low sea level) but not for West Pacific, Indian and Caribbean zones. GBR, Jan 1982 (before ENSO). Fine analysis of weather data. No particular temperature (Magnetic Island alway>31°C, Townsville 30.7°C<Jan mean 31.2°C, John Brewer only up to 29.3°C), light, turbidity (lowest in Jan 82 but already extensive BL), wind (slightly less longshore NE wind in Jan 82), rainfall (little lower, but BL in buffered offshore islands). Lowest spring tide at night. No special synergy. San Blas, early June 83. High temperature, 30°C three weeks and 32°C one week before BL (ÆT±3°C), up to 34°C in reef flat. Satellite SST increased only late June, so a) low resolution; b) local effects: low winds, not light, probably not rainfall, but lower salinity (which could increase stratification) suggests increase runoff. Also no change in particulate matter or sediment (see Coffroth, Proc. 6th Int Cong.). GBR, April 87, not so severe but at least as extensive. General discussion on mass coral mortalities.

COLES, S. L., 1975. A comparaison of effects of elevated temperature versus temperature fluctuations on reef corals at Kahe Point, Oahu. Pac. Science, 29, 15-18. *Transects near plant thermal effluent. Maximum T more critical than short-term temperature shock. Max T=31.5°C (also 6.5% death in an non-heated transect).

COLES, S. L., 1984. Colonization of Hawaiin reef corals on new and denuded substrata in the vicinity of a Hawaiian power station. Coral Reefs, 3, 123-130. *T increase less than 1°C. Higher recruitment at thermal effluent, probably settelment of planulae induced by thermal shock (6 min at +7°C). Recovery time >=8years.

COLES, S. L., 1988. Limitations on reef coral development in the Arabian Gulf: temperature or algal competition. In : Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1988, Townsville, Australia. 3, 211-215. *Fine analysis. 13.3°C-36.2°C. Salinity to 46°%, even 50°% (Sheppard, unpublished) at Bahrain.

COLES, S. L., 1992. Experimental comparaison of salinity tolerances of reef corals from the Arabian Gulf and Hawaii. Evidence for hypersaline adaptation. In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 22-26 June 1992, Guam. Abstract. *Tolerance up to 40-45°% for Hawaiian, 49°% for Persic corals.

COLES, S. L., and FADLALLAH, Y. H., 1991. Reef coral survival and mortality at low temperatures in the Arabian Gulf: new species-specific lower temperature limits. Coral Reefs, 9, 231-237. *T annual range 11.4-36.2°C. Cold periods frequents (each 6-7 years ?). High mortality restricted to Acropora and Platygyra. Retraction, paling, some tissue slouging. Exists dead upper faces.

COLES, S. L., and JOKIEL, P. L., 1977. Effects of temperature on photosynthesis and respiration in hermatypic corals. Mar. Biol., 43, 209-216. *Tests at 18°C to 31°C on 4 Hawaiian corals and 2 Eniwetok ones. O2 measures in alternates 10-40min light/dark at ambient, then, after >15min acclimatation, at experimental T. Alway increase of P and R with T, within ±1/2±2 hours. About the same increase of P and R for Hawaiian, more increase of P than R in Eniwetok (x1.6 to 5). Differences between Hawai/Eniwetok P. damicornis P and R parameters, but not for M. verrucosa. Decrease P:R ratio in Hawaiian, and above 25°C for Eniwetok, corresponding to BL sensibility, with extrapolated P:R ratio of 2 (=daily net null bilan) at 33°C for Hawaiian and 35.5-38.3°C for Eniwetok corals. Cold: expulsion Z at 21°C for Eniwetok.

COLES, S. L., and JOKIEL, P. L., 1978. Synergistic effects of temperature, salinity and light on the hermatypic coral Montipora verrucosa. Mar. Biol., 49, 187-195. *Montipora, mortality with 2-4 hours at 33°C, none at 32°C, or with salinity <30°%, particularly with high light. Slight longer survival with increase salinity 40°%. At long-term, BL at 28.1°C (BL or paling) 50%-80%, death ±10% (!! difference with precedent publication ?? where "long-term tolerance 31-32°C") especially with high light. Temperature acclimatation effects on Chlo (not number of Z), C fixation and growth; light effect only on Chlo, a little on growth and C fixation at extreme T. Resistance to 2 days at 32-32.5°C better with high T acclimatation before, no effect of light aclimatation. Pale specimens resisted better.

COLES, S. L., and JOKIEL, P. J., 1992. Effects of salinity on coral reefs. In : CONNELL, D. W., and HAWKER D.W., Pollution in tropical aquatic systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 147-166. *Very complete synthesis on the subject. Reefs exist in the range 25%-42%, up to 50%. Description of known (usually) death, (rarely) bleaching with flood and storm. Heavy rains kill in Jan. 1988 in Kanehoe Bay, Hawaii.

COLES, S. L., JOKIEL, P. L., and LEWIS, C. R., 1976. Thermal tolerance in tropical versus subtropical Pacific reef corals. Pac. Science, 30, 159-166. *Eniwetok, 1974, BL and mortality at low tide, 34°C during 1-2 hours, not in lagoon at 32°C during 6 hours. Night minimum 27°C, daily variation 5°C, once from 25.5 to 32°C in 1 hour after storm. Hawaii, 1972, mortality at 32°C (in Maragos, 1972). BL with temperature: first effects at ±30°C for Hawaiian, ±32.5°C for Eniwetok corals, which is 2°C more than summer maximum (+3°C than mean summer), death at 4-5°C more than maximum. Genetic or physiological adaptation ?. Inverse relationship log time survival/temperature, with about 3 time more effect for 1°C more.

CONKLING, B. A., THOMAS, E. J., and ORTIZ, W., 1993. Delayed but complete loss of chloroplast DNA in heat-bleaching cultures of Euglena gracilis. J. Plant Physiol., 142, 307-311. *Loss of chloroplast DNA begins at 60 hours and indetectable at 100 h, but not the root-cause of heat-bleaching.

COOK, C. B., and KNAP, A. H., 1983. Effects of crude oil and chemical dispersant on photosynthesis in the brain coral Diploria strigosa. Mar. Biol., 78, 21-27. *85% reduction of photosynthesis with 19ppm oil and 1ppm dispersant, no effect with either alone, rapid recovery.

COOK C.B., LOGAN A., WARD J., LUCKHURST B., and BERG C.J., 1989. Coral bleaching and elevated sea tempertures: Bermuda, 1988. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 22, 27.

COOK, C. B., LOGAN, A., WARD, J., LUCKHURST, B., and BERG, C. J., 1990. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef: the 1988 Bermuda event. Coral Reefs, 9, 45-49. *Begin Aug with Millepora alcicornis (up to 30% totaly BL), low BL in others, less M. cavernosa, no sponges nor gorgonnians. Recovery in Dec only Millepora, increase BL in other. No mortality. More on outer reef. "Normal BL" of up to 30% in May 88 in Favia fragum, P. ?mammilosa. Record in situ T 30.9°C (Aug 29.7±0.6°C, Sept 28.8±1.1°C). Open ocean 28.2°C, normally 27.3°C.

COPIN-MONTÉGUT, G., BÉTHOUX, J. P., JAUBERT, J., MARCHIORETTI, M., and WABEH, M., 1992. Calcium and carbon flux in the reef environment: preliminary results. In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Cong., 1992, Guam. 19. *Abstract, no data.

COSPER, E. M., BRICELJ, W. M., and CARPENTER, E. J., 1989. Novel phytoplankton blooms. Causes and impacts of recurrent brown tides and other unusual blooms. 799p. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. *From a symposium. Various papers.

COWEN, R., 1988. The role of algal symbiosis in reefs through time. Palaios, 3, 221-226. *Reef-building organisms with algal symbiosis and photosynthesis-powered calcification since 3.5 Gyr. Slow recovery of reef ecosystems from extinction events.

COX, C. S., 1976. Refraction and reflection of light at the sea surface. In : JERLOV, N. G., and STEEMANN NIELSEN, E., Optical aspects of oceanography. Acad. Press, London, 51-73. *More light penetration on windy days. Slick observations, dampening of capillarity waves. Flicker on calm days to several meters depth.

CRAWFORD, T. L., MCMILLEN, R. T., MEYERS, T. P., and HICKS, B. B., 1993. Spatial and temporal variability of heat, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and momentum air-sea exchange in a coastal environment. J. Geophys. Res., 98/D7, 12869-12880. *Looe Key, Florida, 16-19 June 1990, year of BL. Principe: mesure of vertical component variation at 20Hz, difference from mean give eddy correlation. Low wind 1-4m/s, humidity 55-80% (61-75%). Strong latent heat exchange ± 100W/m2, 200W/m2 nearshore, generating localized cumulus clouds, sensible heat 10-20 to 30-100W/m2 nearshore. T Å28°C to 32°C in lagoon. Diel variation of pCO2 in 10 m depth sinusoidal 280-420ppm (but with max pCO2 at 18 hour !! inverse photosynthesis) (ÆpH 0.15, 8.18-8.32), not T, ocean -30+10ppm. Exist sharp limit of a +4°C "hot spot".

CRITCHLEY, C., and RUSELL, A. W., 1994. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in vivo: the role of protein turnover in photosystem II. Physiol. Plantarum, 92, 188-196. *Minireview. Also hypothesis that change of D1 creates dissipative PS II.

CROSSLAND, C. J., and BARNES, D. J., 1977. Gas-exchange studies with the staghorn coral Acropora acuminata and its zooxanthellae. Mar. Biol., 40, 185-194. *Photosynthesis and translocation. Formation of bubbles of probably 100% O2. Low photorespiration (no post illumination burst, no C release in CO2-free or 100% O2). Light-saturing and compensation point 25% greater when polypes retracted then when partially expanded. Inhibitors effects rapid (9min), total at 5µM DCMU, progressive with Diamox.

CROSSLAND, C. J., HATCHER, B. G., and SMITH, S. V., 1991. Role of coral reefs in global ocean production. Coral Reefs, 10, 55-64. *Only on organic carbon. Conclusion: zero. Net sedimentation ±0.003 GTC/y, exported or human harvest (so respired) ±0.018 GTC/y. Gross Corg production ±0.7 GTC/y (compares well with Ccalc 0.11GTC/y); Biomass Å10-100gC/m2, growth Å 0.3%/day.

CROSSLAND, C. J., and KEMPF, S. C., 1985. Carbon fixation and compartimentation in the zooxanthellae containing nudibranchs, Melibe pilosa and Melibe sp. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congr., 1985, Tahiti. 6, 125-130. *Rate of carbon fixation similar to other symbioses

CROTTY, C. M., TYRELL, P. N., and ESPIE, G. S., 1994. Quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence in response to Na+-dependant HCO3- transport-mediated accumulation of inorganic carbon in the cyanobacterium Synechoccus UTEX 625. Plant Physiol., 104, 785-791. *Strong quenching when carbon depletion, underlying basis not known. At Qa-Qb but questionned, millimolar range, see also mutant studies, or between PSII and PSI. Convenient means of monitoring carbon transport.

CUBIT, J. D., CAFFEY, H. H., THOMPSON, R. C., and WINDSOR, D. M., 1989. Meteorology and hydrology of a shoaling reef flat on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Coral Reefs, 8, 59-66. *Temperature, salinity, wind, light, water level between 1974 and 1985. SW temperature controled by sea level (wind, tide) and probably evaporation (wind). Maximum T=38.9°C.

DALLMEYER, D. G., PORTER, J. W., and SMITH, G. J., 1982. Effects of particulate peat on the behavior and physiology of the Jamican reef-building coral Montastrea annularis. Mar. Biol., 68, 229-233. *Shading and hypersedimentation during 19 hours, 22% less chlorophyll (with peat, so acid).

D'AOUST, B. G., WHITE, R., WELLS, J. M., and OLSEN, D. A., 1976. Coral-algal associations: capacity for producing and sustaining elevated oxygen tensions in situ. Undersea Biomed. Res., 3, 35-40. *Up to 300% O2 saturation chamber with Montipora cavernosum in incubation chamber (and with bubbles formation).

DAVIES, S. P., 1992. Endosymbiosis in marine cnidarians. In : JOHN, D. M., HAWKINS, S. J., and PRICE, J. H., Plant-animal interactions in the marine benthos. Syst. Assoc. Spec. Vol. 46., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 511-540. *Review. Principally on carbon and nitrogen exchange. Short chapter on mass bleaching; "breakdown of the mechanism of recognition of the symbiont by the host" ? Greenhouse consequence ?.

DAWES, C. J., and McINTOSH, R. P., 1981. The effect of organic material and inorganic ions on the photosynthetic rate of the red alga Bostrychia binderi from a Florida estuary. Mar. Biol., 64, 213-218. *Estuarine alga with adaptation. Importance of bicarbonate in salinity effects, and also calcium in the first days.

D'ELIA, C. F., BUDDEMEIER, R. W., and SMITH, S. V., 1991. Workshop on coral bleaching, coral reef ecosystems and global change: report of proceeding, Miami, Florida, June 17-21 1991. 47 pp. Maryland Sea Grant College Publ., Miami. *General discussion on uncertainity in global changes and ecosystems responses; and very precise research priorities program.

DEMERS, S., ROY, S., GAGNON, R., and VIGNAULT, C., 1991. Rapid light-induced changes in cell fluorescence and in xanthophyll-cycle pigments of Alexandrium excavatum (Dinophyceae) and Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae): a photo-protection mecanism. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 76, 185-193. *Adaptation to high light with diato-/diadinoxanthin ratio from 0% to 55% in minutes to hours, diato+diadino/chlo a from 35% to 80% in days. May be controled by NADPH, glutathione (from C3 ?), ascorbic.

DEMETER, S., JANDA, T., KOVACS, L., MENDE, D., and WIESSNER, W., 1995. Effects of in vivo CO2-depletion on electron transport and photoinhibition in the green algae, Chlamydobotrys stellata and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1229, 166-174. *Clear demonstration of needed HCO3 role at the photoinhibition non-heme Fe-Qa-Qb site of PSII, with use of O2 evolution, thermoluminescence, pulsed fluorescence with 5% CO2 or depletion, with diaminodurene, dichlorobenzoquinone, DCMU, DBMIB. Note that CO2 depletion protect against irreversible photoinhibition (as DCMU).

DEMMIG-ADAMS, B., 1990. Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants: a role for the xanthophyll zeathin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1020, 1-24. *Review on the subject.

DEMMING-ADAMS, B., and ADAMS, W. W., 1996. Xanthophyll cycle and light stress in nature: uniform response to excess direct sunlight among higher plants. Planta, 198, 460-470. *Synthetic view. Fluorescence and xanthophylls measures in a wide range of plants and conditions : xanthophyll changes are well correlated with energy dissipation protection.

DENNIS, G. D., and WICKLUND, R. I., 1993. The relationship between environmental factors and coral bleaching at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas in 1990. In : Global aspects of coral reefs: health, hazards and history. Rosentiel School Mar. Atmos. Sc., Miami, June 10-11 1993, 167-173. *Little BL 88, 89, none in 91, 92. BL begin mid Aug. 1990, 20-25m shelf edge 1-2%, mid-Sept 2-46m , BL 25% at 20m, increase till Oct. Ac, Ag, Diploplora s. Ma Mc Por Mill, sponge Aplysina, Spheciospongia vesparia, X. muta (all with cyano) gorgonians spp.. colonies of Ac Por BL in 87 died in 90 ; BL of same sponges. In situ T, S, and meteo 88-93. BL after <18 days of warming above 30.5°C, max 32.5°C in Sept (note: warmer in 1988 and 1992 at dock and Perry Reef in July, idem at Perry in Aug. in 1991 for "monthly mean"). Warm period prolonged, but smaller rate of increase T (3.1°C/14 days, fig. 4) due seemingly to low winds (4.5 -> 2.5m/s 2 weeks before). Warming evident downto 100m. Cascading of hypersaline water ?. Rain may mitigate warming. BL take more than a couple of days, but less than 3 weeks.

DENNISON, W. C., and BARNES, D. J., 1988. Effect of water motion on coral photosynthesis and calcification. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 115, 67-77. *Reduction of 25% of photosynthesis and calcification in Acropora formosa in unstirred incubations compared to stirred ones (20cm/s). 60% decrease of "dark" calcification (2 hours experiments). Values of in situ water motion (10 to 40cm/s). Interpreted by diffusion limitation.

DEVANTIER, L. M., TURAK, E., DONE, T. J., and DAVIDSON, J., 1994. Bleaching of reef-building corals on nearshore reefs of the central Great Barrier Reef in summer-autumn. In : Joint Sc. Conf. on science, management and sustainability of marine habitats in the 21th century, 8-11th July 1994, Townsville. Abstracts. 16. *Jan.-early Feb. in nearshore reef (Pandora). BL 60%, partially 25%, more in shallow water. Several century old colonies. Flooding from river (but not exceptional) and high temperature.

DICKEY, J. O., MARCUS, S. L., and HIDE, R., 1992. Global propagation of interannual fluctuations in atmospheric angular mometum. Nature, 357, 484-488. *Specialized article on the 4.2 and 2.4 years components of ENSO.

DICKSON, A. G., 1984. pH scales and proton-transfer reactions in saline media such as sea water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 2299-2308. *NBS and Hanssen seawater pH scale.

DICKSON, A. G., and RILEY, J. P., 1979. The estimation of acid dissociation constants in seawater media from potentiometric titrations with strong base. Mar. Chem., 7, 89-99. *Best determination of sea water dissociation: pKw=3441/ T+2.241-0.9415ÃS.

DINER, B. A., and PETROULEAS, V., 1990. Formation of NO of nitrosyl adducts of redox components of the Photosystem II reaction center. II. Evidence that HCO3-/CO2 binds to the acceptor-side non-heme iron. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1015, 141-149. *Very specialized paramagnetic resonance study of spinach and cyano chloroplast, but straightforward results. No HCO3 PSII effect in O2 non evolving bacteria. Pretty introduction and conclusion; advocate a CO2 regulating mechanism at PSII under CO2 depletion particularly with "hot weather or high light intensity".

DODGE, R. E., KNAP, A. H., WYERS, S. C., FRITH, H. R., SLEETER, T. D., and SMITH, S. R., 1985. The effect of dispersed oil on the calcification rate of the reef-building coral Diploria strigosa. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Cong., 1985, Tahiti. 453-457. *Slight increase of calcification during 1 month after 24 hour with 20ppm oil+dispersant (as in Neff and Anderson, 1981).

DOLLAR, S. J., and GRIGG, R. W., 1981. Impact of a kaolin clay spill on a coral reef in Hawaii. Mar. Biol., 65, 269-276. *Some Pocillopora slightly bleached.

DONE, T., 1992. Constancy and change in some Grerat Barrier Reef coral communities: 1980-1990. Am. Zool., 32, 655-662. *Photo-transects. Are we monitoring the right thing ? Acanthaster, BL in 82, synchronous over large area (T ?). 80-85 catastrophic, somewhat better in 85-90.

DOWNING, N., 1985. Coral reef communities in an extreme environment: the Northwestern Arabian Gulf. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Cong., 1985, Tahiti. 2, 343-358. *Temperature 14.6-32.2°C, salinity up to 41.7°%.

DROLLET, J. H., FAUCON, M., MARITORENA, S., and MARTIN, P., 1994. A survey of environmental physico-chemical parameters during a minor coral mass bleaching event in Tahiti in 1993. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 45, 1149-1156. *Minor event in April Mai 93, 15-30% BL, particularly P. meandrina, recovery in about 6 weeks, no mortality. BL at border, tips or base, P. eydouxi on verrucae, tabular Acropora BL from outside to inside, A. valida in patch, A. gemmifera only the coenosteum and not the branches. Monitoring of 2x25m lines weekly, PAR+UV weekly, UVB, T, O2, S, pH daily. 1°C above decadal mean (long term change ?), pic when paling. UVB pic about one month before. Of course, good correlation PAR/UVB. BL when low O2, some low pH (range O2 5.74-6.82 mg/l, pH 8.06-8.26 at 4m depth)

DROLLET, J. H., FAUCON, M., and MARTIN, P. M. V., 1995. Elevated sea-water temperature and solar UV-B flux associated with two successive coral mass bleaching events in Tahiti. Mar. Freshwater Res., 46, 1153-1157. *BL April 93 and March-July 94. 4 transects, mean BL 36% (7-82%). Mainly Pocillopora, Fungidae, Faviidae, Acroporidae, low in Poritidae and Millepora. Pocillopora verrucosa from tips, P. eydouxi at verrucae not coenosteum, Acropora in patch on top, A. hyacinthus from outside to inside. More in pass (42%) than slope (34%) but perhaps taxon biais. Most recovery after 6 months, no mortality. Increase pH early March (8.18 to 8.33). Increase T (29.3°C and 30°C in 93 and 94) and UV (8.8 an 13.3 J/cm2) in Feb-early March.

DRUFFEL, E. R. M., DUNBAR R. B., WELLINGTON G. M., and MINNIS, S. A., 1989. Reef-building corals and identification of ENSO warming episodes. In : GLYNN, P. W., Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Amsterdam, 233-252. *Stable isotope are insufficient to identify ENSO, because of (probable) cessation of calcification (heavier ¶13C in Calc correlated with BL sensitivity ?? Gardinoseris planulata, -0.5 > Pavona clavus -2 >P. gigantea -3°%).

DUBINSKY, Z., STAMBLER, N., BEN-ZION, M., McCLOSKEY, L. R., MUSCATINE, L., and FALKOWSKI, P. G., 1990. The effect of external nutrient resources on the optical properties and photosynthetic efficiency of Stylophora pistillata. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 239, 231-246. *Adaptation by change of Z number, some Chl/Z. Limition by N, P at low density, and by Chl and CO2 at high density.

DUGAY, L., and TAYLOR, D., 1978. Primary production and calcification by the soritid foraminifer Archaias angulatus. J. Protozool., 25, 356-361. *Photosynthesis and calcification inhibition by DCMU at 1-100µM.

DUNBAR, R. B., WELLINGTON, G. M., COLGAN, M. W., and GLYNN, P. W., 1994. Eastern Pacific sea surface temperature since 1600 A.D: the ¶18O record of climate variability in Galàpagos corals. Paleooceanogr., 9, 291-315. *Growth rate and oxygen isotope of Pavona from 1587 to 1953, and 1961 to 1983. Very good but not perfect correlation with historical record of ENSO and American tree rings. Hiatus from the 1973 ENSO, and 9 other discontinuities since 1625 (not always correlated with ENSO), but never with bioerosion nor encrustations as in 1983 BL event.

DUNLAP, W. C., and CHALKER, B. E., 1986. Identification and quantification of near-UV absorbing compounds (S-320) in a hermatypic scleratinian. Coral Reefs, 5, 155-159. *Mycosporine-Gly, palythine and palthinol in Acropora and Palythoa.

DUNLAP, W. C., CHALKER, B. E., and OLIVER, J. K., 1986. Bathymetric adaptations of reef-building corals at Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. III. UV-B absorbing compounds. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 104, 239-248. *Decrease mycosporine-like amino acid with depth.

DUNNE, R. P., 1994. Radiation and coral bleaching. Nature, 386, 697. *Critics of Gleason and Wellington, 1993, because UV filters also reduce PAR by 8%. Response that M. annularis can withstand higher PAR when UV shielded.

DUNNE, R. P., and BROWN, B. B., 1996. Penetration of solar UVB radiation in shallow tropical waters and its potential biological effects on coral reefs; results from the central Indian ocean and Andaman sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 144, 109-118. *Good, first complete analysis of UV penetration in reef with high performance apparatus, in deep blue Maldive lagoon, turbid Phuket and intermediate site. UVB 1% depth at 11m in clearest water, 3m in Phuket (critics of Gleason Wellington data). Note that emersion can increase UV by 20, still not cause of BL.

DUSTAN, P., 1979. Distribution of zooxanthellae and photosynthetic chloroplast pigments of the reef-building coral Montastrea annularis Ellis and Solander in relation to depth on a West Indian coral reef. Bull. Mar. Sc., 29, 79-95. *BL when transplanted upward (also slight BL when transplanted downward).

DUSTAN, P., 1982. Depth-dependant photoadaptation by zooxanthellae of the reef coral Montastrea annularis. Mar. Biol., 68, 253-264. *Z are well adapted. Measurements of light transmission on a calm and a stormy days, with high variabilty with depth in the latter case (Fig. 4).

DYKENS, J. A., 1984. Enzymic defenses against oxygen toxicity in marine cnidarians containing endosymbiotic algae. Mar. Biol. Lett., 5, 291-301. *Correlation host SOD and CAT with chlorophyll in temperate sea anemone Anthopleura and tropical medusan Cassiopea. High Z SOD, in part of Cu-Zn type.

DYKENS, J. A., and SHICK, J. M., 1982. Oxygen production by endosymbiotic algae controls superoxide dismutase in their animal host. Nature, 297, 579-580. *Sea anemone Anthopleura with up to 200% O2 saturation inside. SOD content ±correlated with Chlo, decrease with darkness or DCMU, increase in darkness and 3atm O2.

DYKENS, J. A., and SHICK, J. M., 1984. Photobiology of the symbiotic sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima: defenses against photodynamic effects, and seasonal photoacclimatization. Biol. Bull., 167, 683-697. *Temperate sea anemone. SOD and CAT ± associated with Z region. In aposymbiotic, increase SOD with light, UV, O2, increase CAT only with O2 (x5 with 42% O2). About 40% less Chl (and "observed Z expulsion") with 42% O2 in light, not in low light. Seasonal adaptation, no change of Z number, reduced Chl and increase Chl a/c2 (1 -> 1.3-1.5).

EAKIN, C. M., 1992. Post-El Niño Panamanian reefs: less accretion, more erosion and damselfish protection. In : Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1992, Guam. 387-396. *Study of deposition with artificial substrate in Uva island 1986-1992, after 1983 BL event which reduced cover by 50%. Replacement by crustose corralline algae with low 1.9kg/m2.y; erosion 6-14 kg/ m2.y, 22mm/yr to 44mm/yr at wall.

EAKIN, C. M., 1996. Where have all the carbonate gone? A model comparaison of calcium budgets before and after the 1982-1983 El Niño at Uva Island in the eastern Pacific. Coral Reefs, 15, 109-119. Extension of previous work.

EATON-RYE, J. J., and GOVINDJEE, 1988. Electron transfer through the quinone acceptor complex of Photosystem II in bicarbonate-depleted spinach thylakoid membranes as a function of actinic flash number and frequency. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 935, 237-247. *Rate-limiting step in electron transfer from Qa to Qb dependent of HCO3, maybe protonation of Qb. pH dependency.

EDMUNDS, P. J., 1994. Evidence that reef-wide patterns of coral bleaching may be the result of the distribution of bleaching-susceptible clones. Mar. Biol., 121, 137-142. *Virgin Is., Montastrea annularis, 10m depth, P. porites, 15m. In situ BL of Ma, probability p<0.001 that bleached neighbour are of same genet. Experiment 5 tips of 3 colonies at 27.4, 30, 31.6°C for 3.5 days, <615 µE/m2.s. No significant change of Z number, nor between 30/31.6°C. Even increase Z number at 31.6°C, not 30°C ! Significant ­ between the 3 clones. Mean loss 0.07% per day. (­ phenotype ? BL patchy ?).

EDMUNDS, P. J., and DAVIES, S. P., 1988. Post-illumination stimulation of respiration in the coral Porites porites. Coral Reefs, 7, 7-9 *Increase of up to 60% of dark respiration during 10 minutes (at least) following longer periods of photosynthesis (10 to 80 min) (O2 enhanced respiration, photorespiration, use of glycerol, ATP for C pump ?).

EDMUNSON, C. H., 1928. The ecology of an Hawaiian coral reef. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Bull., 45, 1-64 *In situ T (up to 31.6°C over coral). 5°C difference 100 meters apart. pH up to 8.9, following diurnal T variation. Coral death within 3-24 hours at 32°C, some within 1 hour ar 34°C or 15min-1 hour at 35°C. Salinity shock, silt, darkness (death in 18 to >45 days). 3 months survival to starvation in low light.

EDMUNSON, C. H., 1929. Growth of Hawaiin corals. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Bull., 58, 1-38 *Planulae release ("abortion or emegency") with stress: 26 hours at 35°C in stagnant water accompagnied by increasing acidity (which kill adult), and 66% or 300% salinity.

EDMUNSON, C. H., 1946. Behavior of coral planulae under altered saline and thermal conditions. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Occ. Pap., 18/19, 283-304. *Hawaii. Pocillopora damicornis at 31.6°C (Oahu, low tide). Planulae may survive 32-33°C for one or two days. Pocillopora affixation after 3 days at 31.5-32°C. Cyphastrea releases (aborts) planulae with increase T, begin at 31.6°C, up to 35°C. Polyps of zooxanthellate Cyphastrea live 4 month at pH 7.

EDWARDS, G., and WALKER, D., 1983. C3, C4: mechanisms, and cellular and environmental regulation, of photosynthesis. 541 pp. Blackwell Sc. Publ., Oxford. *Very clear and complete review on the subject with emphasize of light and carbon regulations (only in land plants).

EGAÑA, A. C., and DISALVO, L., 1982. Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae by Easter Island corals. Pac. Science, 36, 61-63. *Bleaching after abnormal heavy rain, June 1980. Recovery in 2-3 months.

ELGERSHUIZEN, J. H. B., and DE KRUIJF, H. A. M., 1976. Toxicity of crude oils and a dispersant to the stony coral Madracis mirabilis. Mar. Pol. Bull., 7, 22-25. *Synergetic effect of oil and dipersant. LD 50 of pure (non-ionic) dispersant 700ppm.

ELMS, D. J., 1992. Sea surface temperature trends in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, 1950-1989. In : Workshop on Coral Bleaching, Coral Reef Ecosystems and Global Change, Miami, Florida, 17-21 June 1991, and 3rd Sym. Global Change Studies, Am. Meteo. Soc., 5-10 Jan. 1992, preprint availale from J.D. Elms, Global Climate Lab., National Climate Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina *SST ship GOSTA data 1950-1989, cooling trend -1°C/100y in 14 zones over 15 in Caribbean, one with +0.5°C/100y. Strong positive anomaly in 1969. Discussed in Atwood et al., 1992.

ENDEAN, R., 1976. Destruction and recovery of coral reef communities. In : JONES, O. A., and ENDEAN, R., Biology and geology of coral reefs. Acad. Press, New York, 3, 215-254. *Review.

ENFIELD, D. B., 1988. Is El Niño becoming more common ? Oceanography, Nov., 23-27 and 59-60. *No, from available data.

EPPLEY, R. W., 1972. Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea. Fish. Bull., 70, 1063-1085. *Review article. Note: as their optimal temperature increase, species have a more abrupt decline of photosynthesis above optimal temperature. Increase salt concentration increase maximal temperature.

ESPIE, G. E., MILLER, A., and CANVIN, D. T., 1989. Selective and reversible inhibition of active CO2 transport by hydrogen sulfide in a cyanobacterium. Plant Physiol., 91, 387-394. *Both HCO3- and CO2 active transport. Note: rapid (1min) fluorescence quenching of Chlorophyll a when carbon is added due to C pump activity.

ESPIE, G. S., MILLER, A. G., and CANVIN, D. T., 1991. High affinity transport of CO2 in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625. Plant Physiol., 97, 943-953. *Note: Quenching of fluorescence of Chlorophyll a is highly correlated with C uptake and internal C buffer, no explanation.

EVANS, D. E., BRIARS, S. A., and WILLIAMS, L. E., 1991. Active calcium transport by plant cell membranes. J. Exp. Bot., 42, 285-303. *Review article.

FANKBONER, P. V., and REID, R. G., 1981. Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae by heat-stressed reef corals: a source of food for giant clams ? Experientia, 37, 251-252. *Aug. 79, Enewetak, mid-day low tide. Incoming hot (transient burning sensation) flood on lagoon with cloudy-green vertical front on 2m depth, with numberous Z (5100 Z/liter the following, dramatically less opaque, day). Tridacna feed up of it.

FANNING, K. A., 1989. Influence of atmospheric pollution on nutrient limitation in the ocean. Nature, 339, 460-463. *In oceans downwind urbanized continents "only".

FARQUHAR, G. D., 1983. On the nature of carbon isotope discrimination in C4 species. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 10, 205-226. *Fundamental paper on the subject in terrestrial plants, applicable with some modifications to HCO3- pumping.

FAURE, G., GUILLAUME, M., PAYRI, C., THOMASSIN, B. A., VAN PRAET, M., and VASSEUR, J. M., 1984. Sur un phénomène remarquable de blanchiment et de mortalité massive des madréporaraires de l'île de Mayotte ((SW Océan Indien). C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, ser. III, 299, 637-642. *May-June 83. Fringing reef 0-18%, lagoon 30-45%, barrier, intern 30-75%, flat 0-5%, extern, few, downto 12 m depth. A. hyacynthus at center and edges. Abnormal expansion of polypes. Loss of Z. In transition zone, accumulation body hypertrophy, and invasion of cell with ovoid dark inclusions at the basement of endoderm. Elevated temperature in lagoon (29°C), turbidity in part continental, in part mucus hypersecretion and than Z expulsion; 20% lower O2 concentration.

FEHER, G., ALLEN, J. P., OKAMURA, M. Y., and REES, D. C., 1989. Structure and function of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres. Nature, 339, 111-116. *Review article. No particular insight on photoinhibition but useful description.

FISHELSON, L., 1973. Ecological and biological phenomena influencing coral-species composition on the reef tables at Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea). Mar. Biol., 19, 183-196. *Sept. 1970, low tides with emersion 1.5-2 hours over 5 days, with high dessication. Bleaching among various species, mortalities, also in all others animals. Monitoring of recovery (month-years).

FISK, D. A., and DONE, T. J., 1985. Taxinomic and bathymetric patterns of bleaching in corals, Myrmidon reef (Queensland). In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Symp., Tahiti. 149-154. *Februar 1982. Reef flat and slope, particularly shallow slope and breaker zone; downto at least 18m. High spatial variabilty, mortality from 1% to 75%; diversity decreased but not significantly; dominant species (tabulate Acropora) less affected. Upper unshaded portions of faviids. Normal summer water temperature (28-30°C), sunshine +20%, rain -45% (in Hariott 85), higher water transparency, low tide at night. Said that isolated BL is commonly observed.

FITT, W. K., SPERO, H. J., HALAS, J., WHITE, M. W., and PORETER, J. W., 1993. Recovery of the coral Montastrea annularis in the Florida Keys after the 1987 Caribbean "bleaching event". Coral Reefs, 12, 57-64. *Phototransects, BL 0% July 1986, first in late Aug. 87, 92% in March 88, 35% June, 10% Aug. 1% Sept. 90. No mortality. Bl heads with 1/4 Z number, great variation of Chl/Z 1 to 5, more or less inverse with density, idem for mitotic index, biomass (4 to 10), protein, lipid, less for sugar. Biomass recovers slowly than Z number after 2 years. T record nearby, no exceptionnal T, longer warm time but BL already in late Aug => not only T (dolldrum, UV ??).

FITT, W. K., and WARNER, M. E., 1995. Bleaching patterns of four species of Caribbean reef corals. Biol. Bull., 189, 298-307. *M. annularis, M. cavernosa, A. agaricites, A. lamarcki from 15m depth, Jamaica. First exp. : 400-500µE, 53 hours at 30, 32, 34°C : same number of Z, slight increase of chl/Z; measures of photosynthesis, respiration, F-DCMU on freshly isolated Z : stable at 30°C, fall and death at 34°C, some fall already at 32°C in M.a. and A.l., BL-sensitive species. (Note in fig. 1 increase of photosynthesis of M.c. in the first hour at 34°C). Second exp : PAM fluorescence on M.a. at 32°C with one third/ in situ light, or with/without blue, UVA, UVB : decrease Fv/Fm, particularly first day and with blue light, and more UVA, but no effect UVB. Fv/Fm=0.66 in M.a. in reef. Enlight fall of photosynthesis and fluorescence before first sign of bleaching and interspecific difference in bleaching.

FLOHN, H., and KAPALA, A., 1989. Changes of tropical sea-air interaction processes over a 30-year period. Nature, 338, 244-246. *One of the few work on changing climate over marine tropical area. Between 1949-79, sea surface temperature +0.34°C, saturation deficit, +7%, scalar wind speed, +10%. Changes are greater over the warmest area East Indian+West Pacific, respectively +0.39°C, +10% and +15%. It corresponds to increase of evaporation and convection (when SST>27.5°C).

FLOHN, H., KAPPALA, A., KNOCHE, H. R., and MACHEL, M., 1990. Changes of hydrological cycle and Northern hemisphere circulation and their initiation at the tropical air-sea surface. In : Int. TOGA Sc. Conf. Proc., 16-20 July, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. WMO, WCRP-43, 47-57. *Similar as Flohn and Kappala, 1989, spatial coverage extended, about the same trends. On warmest oceans (W Pac+E Ind), 1949-1979: T=28.21 to 28.6°C, ÆTsea-air:0.39 to 0.59°C, saturation deficit: 4.99 to 5.60 g/kg, scalar wind speed: 6.32 to 6.78m/s, evaporation (estimated): 4.15 to 4.83mm/day.

FOYER, C. H., LELANDAIS, M., and KUNERT, K. J., 1994. Photooxidative stress in plants. Physiol. Plantarum, 92, 696-717. *Good review (oxygen radicals, PS II, fluorescence, inhibitors, UVB, xanthophylls,...).

FRANKLIN, L. A., LEVAVASSEUR, G., BARRY OSMOND, C., HENLEY, W. J., and RAMUS, J., 1992. Two components of onset and recovery during photoinhibition of Ulva rotundata. Planta, 186, 399-408. *Slow increase of zeaxanthin with the slow component of photoinhibition (also in recovery phase).

FRANZISKET, L., 1970. The atrophy of hermatypic reef corals maintened in darkness and their subsequent regeneration in light. Int. Revue Ges. Hydrobiol., 55, 1-12. *Bleaching in 10-20 days in the darkness, then atrophy, some died in one month. Recovery in ±10-20 days, new growth after 2 months. Once, rapid bleaching during recovery period, perhaps due to too long light exposure. Recovery with Z reinfection from an other coral.

FRELIN, C., VIGNE, P., LADOUX, A., and LAZDUNSKI, M., 1988. The regulation of the intracellular pH in cells from vertebrates. Eur. J. Biochem., 174, 3-14. *Review article. Membrane transporters involved in pH regulation, metabolism, Ca++.

FRIDOVICH, I., 1978. The biology of oxygen radicals. Science, 201, 875-880. *Generality. Methylviolagen (=paraquat) increase superoxide damage.

FRIDOVICH, I., 1986. Biological effects of the superoxide radical. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 247, 1-11. *Review.

FRISO, G., VASS, I., SPEATA, C., BARBER, J., and BARBATO, R., 1995. UV-B-induced degradation of the D1 protein in isolated reaction centres of Photosystem II. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1231, 41-46. *Damage of UVB preferential at D1, probably Qa-Qb site, may be Mn cluster.

FU, R., DEL GENIO, D., ROSSOW, W. B., and LIU, W. T., 1992. Cirrus-cloud thermostat for tropical sea surface temperatures tested using satellite data. Nature, 358, 394-397. *Regulation of maximum SST by evaporation. Data on sea water heat exchange during warmest periods.

GARDINER, S. J., 1902. The fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, I. pp. 471. Cambridge. *Record of 56°C in coral rich pools without ill-effect in Minikoi ! (cited by Orr and Moorhouse, 1928).

GARDINER, S. J., 1931. Coral reefs and atolls. MacMillan, London. *Here only as a proof of seriousness of this author.

GASSMAN, N. J., and KENNEDY, C. J., 1992. Cytochrome P-450 content and xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activities in the scleratinian coral Favia fragum (Esper). Bull. Mar. Sc., 50, 320-330. *High glutathione-S-transferase activity, may be related to protection of high O2 tension.

GATES, R. D., 1990. Seawater temperature and sublethal coral bleaching in Jamaica. Coral Reefs, 8, 193-197. *Homogen in fore reef downto 18m depth. 92% colonies with 1-25% pale surface, not more in 1987 than 1988, with ±25% BL before summer. Correlated with in situ T (maximum 29-30°C). M. annularis blotches or one small area on top or side, P. porites, 1-2 branches at top, P. asteroides at edges, Agaricia in ridges.

GATES, R. D., and MUSCATINE, L., 1992. Three methods for isolating viable anthozoan endoderm cells with their intracellular dinoflagellates. Coral Reefs, 11, 143-145. *Release of motile cells viable for few hours with calcium-free seawater or medium with collagenase or trypsin. Fragile vacuolar membrane surrounding symbionts

GATES, R. D., BAGHDASARIAN, G., and MUSCATINE, L., 1992. Temperature stress causes host cell detachment in symbiotic cnidarians: implications for coral bleaching. Biol. Bull., 182, 324-332. *Endoderm cells with symbionts inside released by Pocillopora damicornis and Aiptasia pulchella after 2-4 hours at 12°C or up to 16 hours at 32°C in darkness. After heat stress, floating and difficulty to handle. Protein release after disintegration of host cells correlated with Z loss (at least in P. damicornis).

GEIDER, R. J., and OSBORNE, B. A., 1992. Algal photosynthesis: the measurement of algal gas exchange. 256pp. Chapmann and Hall, New York. *General review, with in particular clear presentation of fluorescence technique.

GENTY B., BRIANTAIS, J. M., and BAKER, N. R., 1989. The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 990, 87-92. *Somewhat old, but fundamental and clear.

GEORGIEVA, K., and YORDANOV, I., 1994. Temperature dependance of photochemical and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching in intact Pea leaves. J. Plant. Physiol., 144, 754-759. *Fluorescence quenching as a measure of stress, strong change at upper temperature range, but at Å 38°C.

GERSTEL, J., THUNELL, R. C., ZACHOS, J. C., and ARTHUR, M. A., 1986. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event in the North Pacific: planktonic foraminiferal results from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 577, Shatsky Rise. Paleoceanogr., 1, 97-117. *Mass extinction and carbon isotope excursion. In earliest Danian, during about 50kyr, half of the population of Eoglobigerina and Globigerina eugubina was abberant (bullae, abnormal final or embrassing chambers, supplementary apertures, extremely distorded forms).

GESAMP, 1991. Global changes and the air-sea exchanges of chemicals - IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP joint group of experts on the scientific aspects of marine pollution. Rep. Stud. GESAMP, 48, 1-69. *N and Fe enrichment; CO2; DMS; UV. Nitrogen loading of "acid rain" on coastal or down wind industrial regions (Bermuda 8mM N/m2.year). UVB 2-5% increase in tropics in 2060; 5% less marine productivity ?. Penetration 1% UVB downto 66m in very clear water. No consensus increase or decrease wind (apart already diurnal land/sea one).

GLADFELTER, E. H., 1988. The physiological basis of coral bleaching. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 15-18. *Only 10% Z in bleached M. annularis and Diplora strigosa; less Chlo a and c per Z. BL first at 15-25m depth.

GLEASON, D. F., and WELLIGTON, G. M., 1993. Ultraviolet radiation and coral bleaching. Nature, 365, 836-838. *Bahamas, Sept. 81, trasplantation of M. annularis from 24m depth to 18 and 12m (increase mean UVB by x2.5 and x6) (no data of UVB at 1m depth !) (28.7-29.4°C) with/out UVB shade (92% absorbtion). Paling only in 12m UV unshaded ! and after 21 days, 1/3 Z number, Chl/Z unchanged, more protein/cm2 - 1/4 but variable, fig 2d - so Z expulsion. No change of MAA within 3 weeks. Spike of UVB, UVA at 24 m with same energy as BL dose at 12 m, hypothesis of increase UV by dolldrums and clear water (but what for very shallow water ??).

GLEASON, J. F., BHARTIA, P. K., HERMAN, J. R., MCPETERS, R., NEWMAN, P., STOLARSKI, R. S., FLYNN, L., LABOW, G., LARKO, D., SEFTOR, C., WELLEMEYER, C., KOMHYR, W. D., MILLER, A. J., and PLANET, W., 1993. Record low global ozone in 1992. Science, 260, 523-526. *Only comparaison 1992/1993, less O3 from 10-20S and 10-60N, not at equator. 1992 lower O3 than before by 2-3%.

GLEASON, M. G., 1993. Effects of disturbance on coral communities: bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia. Coral Reefs, 12, 193-201. *Mid-March to mid-Sept 1991. 63% BL (Acropora 96%, 63% mortality, Montastrea 88%,Pocillopora, Montipora, low in Porites, Pavona, Millepora). No difference between species of same genera. BL upper unshaded part, tips. Diseappearance of more juvenile Pocillopora than adult (p<0.01 but perhaps other causes). More backreef 72% than fore reef 53%. To at least 20 m depth. Increase filamentous algae (5->20%) and decrease crustose algae (20->10%), but also cyclone. 1°C anomaly.

GLEESON, M., and STRONG, A. E., 1995. Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching. Adv. Space Res., 16, 151-154. *Nighttime weekly average MCSST 1982-1992, 18km resolution (compared with buoys, average biais<0.1°C, SE ±0.5°C) and bleaching in Bermuda, Tahiti, Jamaica, not Belize. T threshold of 29.8°C in Tahiti and 29.6°C in Jamaica, with <0.2°C more than in non-bleaching years.

GLYNN, P. W., 1968. Mass mortalities of echinoids and other reef flat organisms coincident with midday, low water exposures in Puerto Rico. Mar. Biol., 1, 226-243. *Summer 1965. Low tides and emersion together with clear sky, low wind, high temperature, low humidity. T up to 40°C. Mortality of Thalassia, urchins, crabs, chitons and ophiurids; and several large colonies of Palythoa caribareorum, but no effects on Zoanthus and Porites.

GLYNN, P. W., 1983. Extensive 'bleaching' and death of reef corals on the Pacific coast of Panama. Environ. Conserv., 10, 149-154. *From Jan 83 ? continuous till April. First above 10m depth. Large contiguous tracts or isolated colonies. Death in ±5 weeks after BL. Upper, non shadded parts. Z expulsion. Polypes extended. No calcification. No parasites nor graft contamination. Said normal T (28-31°C) !!, S 30-32°%, water visibility (±10m). Clear sky, low rainfall (exist oil, mine, pesticide, seism, low tide,...).

GLYNN, P. W., 1984. Widespread coral mortality and the 1982-83 El Niño warming event. Environ. Conserv., 11, 133-146. *Review. Pacific side 70-95% mortality to 18m depth, in Gulf of Panama BL 20%-80%, mortality 40%. On Carribbean side, mostly downto 10m, BL 0-30%, mortality 0-17%. Other areas, see table 4. ENSO warming 30-33°C also on Carribbean side, lasting 9 months. BL begin ±1 month after warming. P. panamensis shows delayed response. Less BL on sides, undersurfaces, fissures and depressions. BL starts at the branch-tips of Pocillopora.

GLYNN, P. W., 1985a. Corallivore population sizes and feeding effects following El Niño (1982-1983) associated coral mortality in Panama. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Con., Tahiti. 183-188. *Increase relative predation of Acanthaster and Arothron after the 70-95% coral mortality; population of Jeneria decline.

GLYNN, P. W., 1985b. El Niño-associated disturbance to coral reefs and post disturbance mortality by Acanthaster plancii. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 26, 295-300. *Minimum 190 years since an earlier major El Niño event. Acanthaster predation on previously protected areas by Pocilloporids crustacean guards.

GLYNN, P. W., 1985c. World wide death of corals. Mar. Poll. Bull., 16, 343. *News.

GLYNN, P. W., 1988a. Coral bleaching and mortality in the tropical eastern Pacific during the 1982-83 El Niño warming event. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 42-45. *Summary of other publications. Pacific, BL more fast-growing (Pocillopora, Millepora>Porites, Pavona, Gardineroseris,Psammocora) opposed pattern in Caribbean (Montipora, Diplora, Colpophyllia, Siderastrea>Acopora, Millepora).

GLYNN, P. W., 1988b. El Niño warming, coral mortality and reef framework destruction by echinoid bioerosion in the eastern Pacific. Galaxea, 7, 129-160. *Very detailled analysis of increased bioerosion (10-20kg/m2.y in Panama, 20-40 in Galapagos, net erosion <10kg/m2.y, so around 1cm/y).

GLYNN, P. W., 1989. Coral mortality and disturbances to coral reefs in the tropical eastern Pacific. In : GLYNN, P. W., Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Amsterdam, 55-126. *Synthesis. Mortality 50-95%, 97-100% in Galapagos. Some places escape BL (SW Golfo Dulce and in Ecuador). First in shallow<10m than downto 30m (but survival of 2-3m depth Pocillopora in Chiriqui). Upper faces; peripheral ramets in P. elegans; shaded colonies BL at end of event. Polype extension night and day. Halt of calcification (Alizarin). Survivors bleach in 87, but recover in 4-6 weeks. Loss of Z (almost always some). Degenerating and vacuolized Z. Atrophy, necrosis, decrease of mucus cells apart increase in Pavona clavus. No gonads. Secondary infections. Temperature gradient, duration and rate of increase correlate with BL; ships and satellites data agree with shore measures, apart most extreme ones (+3-4°C in Panama, 2-3°C in Galapagos). Maximum 31.5°C. Prewarming of 0.5-1-2°C during 6-11 months before. ENSO previous events haven't reach Panama, apart in 72-73; and also the moderate 87 one (decadal warming). No such event since 200 years, perhaps >500 years. Rainfall (but 20°% S in 73 without BL), high sea level. See general discussion on potential recovery but may require decades (diversity, crustacean symbionts, bioeroders, algal cover,..). Recovery of severly bleached deep Psammocora s. (10-18m) and Cycloseris (15m).

GLYNN, P. W., 1990. Feeding ecology of selected coral-reef macroconsumers: patterns and effects on coral community structure. In : DUBINSKY, Z., Coral Reefs. Ecosystems of the world 25. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 365-400. *Colonization of partially bleached Gardineroseris and Pavona during El Niño 1983 by damselfishes, proliferation of algal mats and increase inflicted coral mortalities

GLYNN, P. W., 1993. Coral reef bleaching: ecological perspectives. Coral Reefs, 12, 1-17. *Good review. BL unprecedented, abrupt, large scale, widespread, possibly chronic. "Causes still unknown" "if caused by physico-chemical state changes of the sea and atmosphere". Correlation with ENSO. Mostly fast-growing, Palythoa, alcyonarians. Review on competition with algae, higher ecol. level, reproduction, disease, recovery (100 yr ?), future. Coral adaptation ? slow ! probably not on Z side. BL in 73 in Samoa. Not in Aqaba, nor Belize?, perhaps in Brazil, New Guinea, W. Aust., Philipines.

GLYNN, P. W., and COLGAN, M. W., 1992. Sporadic disturbances in fluctuating coral reef environments: El Niño and coral reef development in the Eastern Pacific. Am. Zool., 32, 707-718. *Synthesis. Emphasize on the 82-83 ENSO, exeptionnal, every 300-500 yr (or more). First branched, others few weeks later. Disappearance of some sp. at some sites. Urchins population explosion (3-5 to 50-80 ind./m2). Damselfish interactions complex (bitting and grazing algae but also protection against Acanthaster. (Nota: more reefs in Eocene-Miocene in the region, my Ph.D.).

GLYNN, P. W., and D'CROZ, L. D., 1990. Experimental evidence for high temperature stress as the cause of El Niño-coincident coral mortality. Coral Reefs, 8, 181-191. *Temperature incubations of Pocillopora damicornis of Gulf of Panama (up to 32°C) and Chiriqui (30°C) during 10 weeks. Decrease of number of Z (3-4 order of manitude) and only Panamian corals at 32°C, with death in 4 weeks, Chlo/Z (2-3 order). Log linear decrease with time with intercept at zero time. Difference between Panama and Chiriqui corresponding to natural conditions. First deterioration of mucous cells (then general atrophy-necrosis). Necrotic Z with unstained nuclei. Decline of crustacean symbionts.

GLYNN, P. W., and DE WEERDT, W. H., 1991. Elimination of two reef-building hydrocorals following the 1982-1983 El Niño warming event. Science, 253, 69-70. *Millepora sp. nov. and M. platyphylla (known in Marquesas Islands) have not been seen alive since 1983, perhaps also Acropora valida and the non-zooxanthellate Tubastrea tagusensis, a Galapagos endemic.

GLYNN, P. W., and FEINGOLD, J. S., 1992. Hydrocoral species not extinct. Science, 257, 1845. *Letter. Hello ! Five little live colonies of Millepora boschmai at Uva Island, 12-21 cm, or ±4-7 years old. And healthy, whereas bleaching phase in 5 coral species, symbiont loss rather than pigment. ENSO 92, 30°C or 1°C-1.5°C "above normal".

GLYNN, P. W., COLLEY, S. B., GASSAN, N. J., BLACK, K., CORTÉS, J., and MATÉ, J. L., 1996a. Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). III Agariciiae (Pavona gigantea and Gardineroseris planulata). Mar. Biol., 125, 579-601. *Low sexual recruitment and moderate recovery after 1983 BL event.

GLYNN, P. W., CORTÉS, J., GUZMAN, H. M., and RICHMOND, R. H., 1989. El Niño (1982-83) associated coral mortality and relationship to sea surface temperature deviations in the tropical eastern Pacific. Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp. 3, 237-243. *Correlation of mortality (Caño Island 50%, Chiriqui 75%, Gulf of Panama 85%, Galapagos 97%) with warming amplitude (ÆT mean respectively +0.99, 0.68,1.58, 2.14°C, ÆT max, +0.8, 0.8, 1.7, 3°C), duration (months with ÆT>5%, 4, 1, 5, 15) and rate of increase.

GLYNN, P. W., GASSMAN, N. J., EAKIN, C. M., CORTES, J., SMITH, D. B., and GUZMANN, H. M., 1991. Reef coral reproduction in the eastern Pacific: Costa Rica, Panama, and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). I. Pocilloporidae. Mar. Biol., 109, 355-368. *About recovery from 1983 El Niño BL event, the "low rates of larval recruitment suggest that local populations have capacity to recover" and "it could be greatly prolonged". Exceptionally heavy rains during El Niño.

GLYNN, P. W., HOWARD, L. S., CORCORAN, E., and FREAY, A. D., 1984. The occurence and toxicity of herbicides in reef building corals. Mar. Poll. Bull., 15, 370-374. *Panama, April 83. Often high concentration of 2,4 D and 2,4,5T herbicides in BL corals (1-20ng/g dry wt), but not systematic correlation with BL. In P. damicornis, death by loss of tissue in 1-2 days with 0.1ppm 2,4D-amine salt; no effect of 2,4D sodium salt. Wetting agent Tergitol NPX lethal at 0.25ppm, but apparent protecting effect at 0.025ppm against elevated temperature (25.7°C to 34.5°C in 4 hours, then gradual cooling).

GLYNN, P. W., IMAI, R., SAKAI, K., NAKANO, Y., and YAMAZATO, K., 1992. Experimental responses of Okinawan (Ryukyu islands, Japan) reef corals to high sea temperatures and UV radiation. In : Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1992, Guam. 27-37. *Acropora valida and Pocillopora damicornis 2-4m depth under 30.1°C (±ambient, above 1980 in situ BL at 29.6°C) or 31.3°C, in situ PAR-UV or 96%PAR-10%UV, each 16 tips, for 2 months. At 30°C, slight momentarly paling, at 31.3°C, all BL by Z loss 3-4 weeks then death. With UV, faster for Acropora, no difference for Pocillopora. Fall of biomass, chlo, S320 with T, not UV. Crudly no change pigments/Z.

GLYNN, P. W., PEREZ, M., and GILCHRIST, S. L., 1985a. Lipid decline in stressed corals and their crustacean symbionts. Biol. Bull., 168, 276-284. *Half lipid in bleached corals. Rapid reduction of 80% lipid in Trapezia in 14 days with bleached/dead corals. Migration, death of crustacean symbionts. Tubastrea coccinea unaffected.

GLYNN, P. W., PETERS, E. C., and MUSCATINE, L., 1985b. Coral tissue microstructure and necrosis: relation to catastrophic coral mortality in Panamá. Dis. Aquat. Org., 1, 29-37. *Uva Island, 83. Ten species collected in June. BL tissue atrophy and necrosis; mucus cell (with basophilic "blobs") increase in P. clavus, decrease in P. gigantea and P. varians; increase epidermal nuclei; basophilia in Pocillopora damicornis; mucus composition and pH changes in Psammocora stellata, Porites panamensis, Pavona clavus; less Z, vacuolized, degenerating only when animal necrosis. One "healthy" Pocillopora with early stage of necrosis (loss architecture, basophilic tinge in mesoglea). Presence of gonads related to health. No pathogens (transplants and histology). Tissue sloughing rarely seen. Pocillopora BL from tips. Conclude that the problem is on the animal side, and maybe thereafter nutrient-starvation of Z.

GLYNN, P. W., SZMANT, A. M., CORCORAN, E. F., and COFER-SHABICA, S. V., 1989a. Condition of coral reef cnidarians from the northern Florida reef tract: pesticides, heavy metals, and histopathological examination. Mar. Poll. Bull., 20, 568-576. *Survey in July-Sept 1985. Background (?) bleached corals up to 4.6%.

GLYNN, P. W., VERON, J. E. N., and WELLIGTON, G. M., 1996b. Clipperton atoll (eastern Pacific): oceanography, geomorphology, reef-building coral ecology and biogeography. Coral Reefs, 15, 71-99. *Certainly BL event in 1987, as seen for regenerating knobs, perhaps in 1983. Low growth rates. High mortality (±50-80%) in large tracts in shallow water, <15% in 16m. Porites, Pocillopora. Higher SST in 1987 than 1983.

GOENAGA, C., and CANALS, M., 1990. Island-wide coral bleaching in Puerto Rico: 1990. Carib. J. Sc., 26/3-4, 171-175. *From Sept. 90; widespread, but highly variable; at least downto 8m depth. Not so great as 87-88. Also in Virgin Islands. 30 Sept, brownish tint in back reef, probably expulsed Z. Acropora complanata, Palythoa carib., Millepora. Mill not stinging. Actiniarians, gorgonians, sponge Anthosigmella varians, many small sized scyphozoans Phylloriza punctata in inshore coastal lagoon. Upper unshaded parts. Maximum T since 1975 and very clear water, dolldrum time the 13-30 Sept. Max T also in Avril 90 (31°C) and May 87 (30°C) without BL, but without dolldrum time (global warming and/or increase dolldrum ?).

GOENAGA, C., VICENTE, V. P., and ARMSTONG, R. A., 1988. Aposymbiosis in Puerto Rico zooxanthellate cnidarians. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 21, 49.

GOENAGA, C., VICENTE, V. P., and ARMSTONG, R. A., 1989. Bleaching induced mortalities in reef corals from La Parguera, Puerto Rico: a precursor of change in the community structure of coral reefs ? Carib. J. Sc., 25, 59-65. *Summer 87. 1/4 BL, in which 2/3 on upper part, 5% on only lateral faces, 1/2 necrotic. M. annularis (Z of Ma high regeneration capabilities. What ?). Recovery almost complete. Iridescent blue color in S. sidera. SW transparency, clear sky, 0.8°C above seasonal average (May 87, +1.5°C, only 0.1°C less than in Sept., without BL). Death of centuries old colonies (in PhD).

GOIRAN, C., AL-MOGHRABI, S., ALLEMAND, D., and JAUBERT, J., 1996. Inorganic carbon uptake for photosynthesis by the symbiotic coral/dinoflagellate association. I Photosynthetic performances of symbionts and dependence on sea water bicarbonate. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 199, 207-225. *Important work, fundamental to understand carbon question in coral (but many discussions). Galaxea fascicularis from Aqaba cultivated at 26°C, 125µE, FIZ (in 2 hours), CZ (in ASP-8A without HCO3 ! photo is x4 in SW, Goiran thèse). Experiments at 500µE, O2 measures for 15 min after 1 hour for C depletion. Artificial SW ±HCO3 with constant pH (30mM Tris), or HCl/NaOH in closed (ct ·C) or open (ct pCO2). No photoinhibition of colonies, some in CZ, strong in FIZ (already at 100µE, only shadding - or CO2 lack ?). Resp is 20-30% of photosynth. Low C affinity (400µM C) saturating around SW level. Rather Hill-Witt. dynamic (see fig. 2; in strongly stirred chambers !). Optimum at pH 8.8, PROOVING HCO3 uptake ! and strong decrease toward acid SW. Greater affinity of FIZ, CZ, 80% inhibited at pH 9 not at pH 6.5. Probable HCO3 uptake of CZ, both CO2 diffusion and HCO3 uptake (+ Nernst equation) of FIZ (what inside ?) * From data fig. 2, 4, I found good fit of a model for colonies photosynthesis=Vmax.HCO3/(Km+HCO3) with Vmax=0.011Ã[OH] and Km=0.044Ã[OH]. Thus probably : a) only HCO3 uptake; b) Km/Vmax constant indicates Ping-Pong pump; c) squared root function means rather interne/ externe pH gradient driving cotransport.

GOODBODY, I., 1961. Mass mortality of a marine fauna following tropical rains. Ecology, 42, 150-155. *Jamaica, heavy rainfall in Oct. 56, May 58, Oct. 58. Salinity downto 13%. Death of ascidians, ophiuroids, hydroids, echinoderms, etc... in bay and mangrove.

GOREAU, T. F., 1959. The physiology of skeleton formation in corals. I. A method for measuring the rate of calcium deposition by corals under different conditions. Biol. Bull., 166, 59-75. *BL in 6 weeks in darkness. Calcification reduced by 40% with Diamox.

GOREAU, T. F., 1964. Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae from Jamaican reef communities after hurricane Flora. Science, 145, 383-386. *Oct. 63, freshwater (salinity less than 10°%), either mortality by tissue sloughing or BL downto 3m depth. Most sensible M. complanata, Palythoa carib., M. annularis; Zoanthus socialis almost unaffected. Gorgonians do not bleach but died. Active feeding/stinging of BL colonies. Recovery >6-14 weeks. Exists background bleaching below 30m.

GOREAU, T. F., and GOREAU, N. I., 1959. The physiology of skeleton formation in corals. II. Calcium deposition by hermatypic corals under various conditions in reef. Biol. Bull., 117, 239-250. *Few in situ bleached colonies of Manicina areolata in semi-darkness under a large coral head.

GOREAU, T. F., and GOREAU, N. I., 1960. The physiology of skeleton formation in corals. IV. On isotopic equilibrium exchanges of calcium between corallum and environment in living and dead reef-building corals. Biol. Bull., 199/3, 416-427. *BL of Oculina diffusa with 2 months in darkness.

GOREAU, T. F., GOREAU, N. I., YONGE, N. I., and NEUMANN, Y., 1970. On feeding and nutrition in Fungiacava eilatensis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae), a commensal living in fungiid corals. J. Zool., Lond., 160, 159-172. *"For reasons not yet understood, almost complete bleaching, i.e. loss of zooxanthellae, is often observed in deep water reef corals that appears to be otherwise normal. It is perhaps noteworthy that such corals regain their normal complement of zooxanthellae within a few days whereas in severely stressed corals the recovery of the zooxanthellae takes several months".

GOREAU, T. J., 1990. Coral bleaching in Jamaica. Nature, 343, 417. *News. Unusual blue, green or pink colors in bleached corals. Bleaching of the same M. annularis colonies than before, with other in addition. 30°C at least early August, BL early Oct. 1989: one month delay ?

GOREAU, T. J., 1991. Bleaching and reef community change in Jamaica: 1951-1991. In : An. Meet. Am. Soc. Zool., Symp. Long-term dynamics coral reefs, Dec. 1991, Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 24. *No BL from 1951 to 1986, BL each year from 1987-1991 apart 1988 with only local BL due to hurricane Gilbert. Mostly on unpolluted North Coast. Siderastrea>Milllepora complanata>S. radians>Meandrina; few Millepora or Acropora. In Negril Reefs, no BL of orange-red individuals of M. annularis, Agaricia, Mycetophyllum and other species; color unusual in other parts of Jamaica (resistant Z strain ??). Agaricia, strips particularly in deep place. Millepora first BL, first recovered, M. complanata, last BL, last recovered.

GOREAU, T. J., 1992. Bleaching and reef community change in Jamaica: 1951-1991. Am. Zool., 32/6, 683-695. *Pattern of BL unique, not due to anthropogenic influence (BL in clean area, also but less in heavily polluted area). Sider., Mc>Ma, Meandrina, Mill., Agaricia, Por., Diplo., Dendro. Most increase of algal cover is attributed to eutrophisation. {low diversity of coral in front of Discovery lab. due to uncontrolled scientists}. Suggest T threshold for mass bleaching.

GOREAU, T. J., and HAYES, R. L., 1994. Coral bleaching and ocean "hot spots". Ambio, 23/3, 176-180. *Good synthesis on the bleaching phenomenon. Data from NOAA Climate Diagnostics Bulletin maps. Regions with +1°C temperature anomaly above long term average ("hot spot") correlated with many bleaching events from 1983 to 1991. Hot spots typically last few months (but is there a trend ??).

GOREAU, T. J., and MACFARLANE, A. H., 1990. Reduced growth rate of Montastrea annularis following the 1987-1988 coral-bleaching event. Coral Reefs, 8, 211-215. *BL July 77, increase in November, recovery almost complete in May 88. Fore reef, very scarse in back reef. BL in irregular patches, often on upper face but not alway, and unshadded. Dark colonies appear more resistant. Calcification halted even 6 months after color recovery (nail technique), suggesting that BL inhibits more calcification than photosynthesis. Back reef temperature 29-25.8°C whereas historical record is 33°C, without BL. No temperature data for fore reef (see Gates, 1990).

GOREAU, T. J., R. L. HAYES, J. W. CLARK, D. J. BASTA, and C. N. ROBERTSON, 1992. Elevated satellite sea surface temperatures correlate with Caribbean coral reef bleaching. In : GEYER, R. A., A global warming forum: scientific, economic and legal overview. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, Sect. II. Chap. 4. *Satellite offshore temperatures (AVHRR, 4km resolution) correlate well with reef in situ measures (of Jamaica and Cayman), though with distorsion specially for extreme values. Data May 80-April 90 at 7 Caribbean localities (Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cayman, Cozumel, Florida, Bahamas, Bermuda). Warming trend (a part Puerto Rico and Cozumel) (at p<0.001 !??), but due to winter temperature. BL in warmest summers. ÆT (min T with BL minus max T without BL) =<0.2-0.3°C (Bahamas 0.5°C). To be compared to montly summer T standart deviation (0.35-0.5°C) and yearly range (4-5°C). Jamaica 87 almost same T as before but longer (July-Dec.) but BL already in mid-July. Cozumel, same T in 81 and 87, no report of BL in 81. Exist 1°C increase in 10 days.

GRAHAM, D., and SMILLIE, R. M., 1976. Carbonate dehydratase in marine organisms of the Great Barrier Reef. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 3, 113-119. *3-4 time more carbonic anhydrase in host than in zooxanthellae. Important variability (pers note: problems in CA assay and stability. CA is now detected by 16-18O mass spectrometry in mol. biol. Often negative W-Anderson assay. Better certitude with Diamox).

GRAHAM N.E., 1995. Simulation of recent global temperature trends. Science, 267, 666-671 *GCM Max Planck forced with tropical SST reproduce land T, precipitation, OLR. Sharp climate shift in 1976 with global warming caused by marine tropical (Pacific, ENSO) evaporation, tropospheric moisture and precipitation, mostly latent heat flux +2W/m2, and evaporation +15W/m2, up to 45W/m2 (Pacific mid-line) due to change almost only gradient of specific humidity and its variability profile, increase winds in tropics or less, -0.2m/s per decade. Consistent with early phase of greenhouse warming. Decrease precipitation Indonesia, northern S and SE America, E Africa, China, India !

GRAY, W. M., 1990. Strong association between West African rainfall and U.S. landfall of intense hurricanes. Science, 249, 1251-1256. *5 periods since 1900. Last one in 1970-1987 with less strong hurricanes in Caribbean. Rain in Sahel weakened NS temperature gradient, thus lower trade winds, less shear lower/upper troposphere, more stability, more hurricanes. Global cooling of North hemisphere, warming of South hemisphere.

GREER, D. H., BERRY, J. A., and BJÖRKMAN, O., 1986. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in intact bean leaves: role of light and temperature, and requirement for chloroplast-protein synthesis during recovery. Planta, 168, 253-260. *Standart model of photoinhibition. Recovery is maximal at 30°C (as chloroplast-protein synthesis of D1 is very sensitive to temperature) and with low light.

GREER, D. H., and LAING, W. A., 1990. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in intact kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) leaves: effect of growth temperature on photoinhibition and recovery. Planta, 180, 32-39. *Recovery of photoinhibition is fastest for plants grown at, and exposed to high temperature. Note that they are "more susceptible" just because at low temperature, plants are already in chronic photoinhibition (63% at 15°C, 20% at 20°C, 15% at 30°C).

GREER, D. H., OTTANDER, C., and ÖQUIST, G., 1991. Photoinhibition and recovery of photosynthesis in intact barley leaves at 5 and 20°C. Physiol. Plantarum, 81, 203-210. *Better resistance at 20°C (D1 repair). DCMU prevents D1 degradation during photoinhibition.

GRIGG R.W., 1992. Coral reef environmental science: truth versus the Cassandra syndrome. Coral Reefs, 11, 183-186. *Cassandra said truth. "Corals survived bolide impact", yes, but needed Å10 millions years to recover...

GUILCHER, A., BERTHOIS, L., DOUMENGE, F., MICHEL, A., SAINT-REQUIER, A., and ARNOLD, R., 1969. Les récifs et lagons coralliens de Mopelia et de Bora-Bora. Mem. O.R.S.T.O.M., 38 *Geomorphology, physico-chemie, hydrology, sedimentology, in particular lagoon flushing time. Stratification with low bottom O2.

GUZMAN, H. M., 1984. Mortandad de Gorgonia flabellum Linnaeus (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) en la Costa Caribe de Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop., 32, 305-308. *Mass mortality of this species only in early 1982-1983, without clear cause.

GUZMAN, H. M., CORTÉS, J., GLYNN, P. W., and RICHMOND, R. H., 1990. Coral mortality associated dinoflagellate blooms in the eastern Pacific (Costa Rica and Panama). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 60, 299-303. *Red tide in 1985, anti El Niño conditions, 8E5 cells/l. Pocilloporid death 13%-100%, Tubastrea, only within the first 3m depth, together with many fishes,.... Mortality due to toxicity, anoxie, mucus adhesion ?.

GUZMAN, H. M., CORTÉS, J., RICHMOND, R. H., and GLYNN, P. W., 1987. Efectos del fenómeno de "El Niño Oscilación Sureña" 1982/ 83 en los arrecifes coralinos de la Isla del Caño, Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop., 35, 325-332. *June, 83. 50% mortality, particularly Pocillopora and massive corals. Gardineroseris planulata and P. panamensis almost eliminated.

HABASH, D. Z., PAUL, M. J., PARRY, M. A. J., KEYS, A. J., and LALOR, D. W., 1995. Increased capacity for photosynthesis in wheat grown at elevated CO2: the relationship between electron transport and carbon metabolism. Planta, 197, 482-489. *Fluorescence and gas exchange. CO2 increases PS II efficiency because more open center (70%->80%) only because dark reactions are energy sink.

HACKNEY, J. M., and SZE, P., 1988. Photorespiration and productivity rates of a coral reef algal turf assemblage. Mar. Biol., 98, 483-492. *Algae turf in mesocosm. O2, pH 14C 2 hours incubation (1000µE, 26-31°C) with ­O2, ­pH (NaOH/HCl, bubbling, ·C). No effect of O2 level, yes of pH. Four time less C fixation at pH 9 than pH 8 !! pH compenstation at about 8.5.

HAGAN, P., and KATZ, K., 1988. Coral bleaching reported in Bermuda. Bermuda Biol. Sta. Newsl., Fall, 1. *News. Mid-July. Millepora alcicornis.

HAGMAN, D. K., and GITTINGS, S. R., 1992. Coral bleaching on high latitude reefs at the Flower Garden Banks, NW Gulf of Mexico. In : Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1992, Guam. 38-43. *BL 1989-91 each summer, especially 1990. Quadrat and photo. Low BL 0.4-4.8%, within 7% tissue loss, no mortality. Millepora alcicornis, Montastrea cavernosa, M. annularis, some Agaricia, P. astreoides, Diplora strigosa. Often reccuring in same colonies with same pattern. High T in 90, at or above (=<1°C) 79-89 AVHRR. In situ measure since 1990, max 30.5°C (exist discrepency AVHRR 32°C, in situ 30°C).

HALLDAL, P., 1968. Photosynthetic capacities and photosynthetic action spectra of endozoic algae of the massive coral Favia. Biol. Bull., 134, 411-424. *Mostly on endozoic algae, but also action spectrum coral tissue, with photosynthesis at wavelength downto 300nm.

HALLEGRAEFF, G., 1989. Report on management and training on Pyrodinium bahamense red tides, Brunei, 23rd to 30th May, 1989. Red Tide Newsl., 2, 6-7. *Report from a workshop. In which: a correlation between bloom events, an apparent expanse of its range of distribution and El Niño years (1972, 1976, 1980, 1983, 1987) was recognized.

HALLOCK, P., and TALGE, H. K., 1993. Symbiont loss ("bleaching") in the reef-dwelling benthic foraminifer Amphistegina gibbosa in the Florida Keys in 1991-92. In : Global aspects of coral reefs: health, hazards and history (Rosenstiel School Mar. Atmos. Sc.), June, 10-11 1993.8-13. *BL of A. gibbosa in Florida (Conch, Carysfort, Molasse Reef) 10-30m depth, in Sept. 91, then in 92, begin in March, peak in June, recovery in Sept., also in 93. Density in Sept 92 downto to 5% of Sept 91. "mottled, pale, white patch, grainy brown" mottled Å20% up to 80%, BL 0% to 50%; gradual symbiont loss, with abnormal number of large vacuoles; lower to null pigment content. Many abnormalities (breakage 5-20%, loss outer chambers, twisted, elongated, fused, distended proloculus, microboring) and low or suppressed reproductive capacities. BL in summer 92 in Australia, Jamaica, Caroline Is., Hawai of A. lessonii, A. lobifera, A. radiata, generally more than adjacent corals. Never observed before in situ, except a few in Florida 88. Incertain cause: not T: never >29°C, BL begin when 23°C; UV radiation: BL follow solstice, Amphistegina don't orient to UV flux, BL following volcanic eruption, reduced BL under UV shield at 18m depth (6% instead 33%) after 3 months (but similar effect with UV-transparent shield, as light decreased by 50%). "Implication for carbonate production in both neretic and pelagic ocean".

HALLOCK, P., FORWARD, L. B., and HANSEN, H. J., 1986. Influence of environment on the test shape of Amphistegina. J. Foram. Res., 16, 224-231. *Paling or mottled appearance of large foraminifera grown at high light (40µE/m2.s).

HALLOCK, P., TALGE, H. K., COCKEY, E. M., and MULLER, R. G., 1995. A new disease in reef-dwelling Foraminifera : implications for coastal sedimentation. J. Foram. Res., 25, 280-286. *See Hallock and Talge, 1993. BL also in 1992 whereas not in corals. Census till Dec 93 at Conch reef (also others, and Bahamas, in June 93). BL 20-80%, broken 3-29%, deformed 0-6%. Strong seasonnal pattern, begin in spring (at minimum temperature), peak in summer, recovery in autumn. Same % BL with depth 10-30%, apart at peak decreasing with depth. More BL for large size >0.6 mm. Suppression of reproduction of large specimens, and at contrast reproduction of many small producing few and deformed clones. BL chambers not reoccupied (as with DCMU) but new added chambers are colored. Experiments ; UVB >0.005 W/m2 kill in few days ; 50 days 25°C a) normal fluorescent 16µE 13L:11D b) with mylar (PAR -45%, UV -75%) c) 0.005W/m2 UV added : BL 40%, 23% and 67%, but same growth rate. BL of foram "unlike corals due to temperature" ?? Why foram don't move away light ? UV hypothesis.

HAMMER, L., 1968. Sazgehalt und Photosynthesis bei marinen Pflanzen. Mar. Biol., 1, 185-190. *Salinity and carbon content effects on tropical and mediterranean algae. In the relation salinity-photosynthesis, carbon plays a role much more important than other ions.

HAMMER, W. M., JONES, M. S., CARLETON, J. H., HAURI, I. R., and WILLIAMS, D. M., 1988. Zooplankton, planktivorous fish, and water currents on a windward reef face: Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Bull. Mar. Sc., 42, 459-479. *Mostly on zooplankton, but description of current anomaly in flat calm day. Advection of deeper water by longshore current trapped in grooves. Abnormal outflowing of warm reef water at flood tide, making shallow flume along reef crest and somewhat erraticaly downwelling.

HAMMER, W. M., and WOLANSKI, E., 1989. Hydrodynamic forcing functions and biological processes on coral reefs: a status review. In : Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 103-113. *Review. About dolldrum time: spur and groove structures advect deeper water of longshore current. On calm days, most flowing water over crest is from advection, and surface turbulence is visible. In lagoon, patchy complex small-scale circulations preventing normal diffusion.

HANELT, D., 1992. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in marine macrophytes of the south China Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 82, 199-206. *Lastly measure of photoinhibition in reef with fluorescence quenching technique, on Padina, Sargassum, Lobophora, Gracilaria, Dictyota, Thalassia. Considerable level of photoinhibition (Fv/Fm normally 0.7-0.8, inhibited, 0.5, downto 0.3 !), with fast response (15 min). Dependant of light level and turbidity (PFR 57-37% of above sea level at 1 m depth). Temperature probably not involved. Dictyota photodamaged in UV-opaque incubation chamber.

HANELT, D., and NULTSCH, W., 1994. Tidal dependance of photoinhibition of photosynthesis in marine macrophytes of the South China sea. Bot. Acta, 107, 66-72. *PAM fluorometry on intertidal Thalassia, Padina, Sargassum, Turbinaria. Photoinhibition at noon-afternoon, recovery in the evening. No photoinhibition when 1 m depth, though only 5% light reduction.

HANSEN, D. V., 1989. Physical aspects of the El Niño event of 1982-1983. In : GLYNN, P. W., Global ecological consequences of the 1982-83 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Amsterdam, 55-126. *Synthesis.

HARBINSON, J., and FOYER, C. H., 1991. Relationships between the efficiencies of photosystems I and II and stromal redox state in CO2-free air. Plant. Physiol., 97, 41-49. *In pea. At low CO2, limitation of photoinhibition by energy dissipation with cyclic electron transport, some photorespiration or Mehler reaction; P700+ life time increase; Rubisco only 50% activated.

HARDY, J. T., HOGE, J. T., YUNGEL, J., and DODGE, R. E., 1992. Remote detection of coral 'bleaching' using pulsed-laser fluorescence spectroscopy. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 88, 247-255. *In situ measure of fluorescence, corresponding only to quantities of photosynthetic pigments. Indice C corresponding to pic of PSI and PSII, centered on 685 and 740nm (what about the ratio ?). Possibility to fine scale mapping. Experiments with 35°C (and 40°C) !, 30°% salinity during 5 days, loss of pigments, "suggested expulsed Z". Appears same reduction of chlorophyll than peridinin+diadino, dinoxanthin (fig. 9).

HARLAND, A. D., and BROWN, B. E., 1989. Metal tolerance in the scleratinian coral Porites lutea. Mar. Poll. Bull., 20, 353-357. *50% BL with Fe >0.005mg/l (very high dose !). With adaptation.

HARRIOTT, V. J., 1985. Mortality rates of sceratinian corals before and during a mass bleaching event. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 21, 81-88. *GBR. Some BL in January, extensive in March 82; almost exclusively 0-5 m depth, or deeper in very clear water. Mortality in BL period /compared to previous years: P. damicornis 58%/38%; Lobophyllia 23%/12%; Porites 15%/5%; Favia 12%/0%. More mortality of smaller individuals. Upper and non-shaded parts. Rainfall -47%, sunshine hours +17% (what is variance ?), temperature in situ at 10m depth 1°C higher than previous 2 years (almost 30°C); but same one in January 82 than the maximum in previous years.

HAVAUX, M., 1993. Rapid photosynthetic adaptation to heat stress triggered in potato leaves by moderatly elevated temperatures. Plant Cell Env., 16, 461-467. *Dark Fo fluorescence-temperature curves, T critics >36°C. Aaptation mechanism, difference between cultivars.

HAVAUX, M., 1994. Temperature-dependent modulation of the photoinhibition-sensitivity of photosystem II in Solanum tuberosum leaves. Plant Cell Physiol., 35, 757-766. *Various fluorescence techniques on potatoes. Irreversible damage of PS II at >38°C. Not Qa-Qb. Heat predisposes to photoinhibition, but short strong term adaptation. Mechanism of light-induced protection to temperature begins at only 31°C.

HAVAUX, M., and TARDY, F., 1996. Temperature-dependent adjustment of the thermal stability of photosystem II in vivo: possible involvement of xanthophyll-cycle pigments. Planta, 198, 324-333. *Fluorescence, spectrophotometry, photoacoustic, in potato at 35°C. Both reciproque light and temperature induced resistance by xanthophyll changes.

HAVAUX, M., GREPPIN, H., and STRASSER, R. J., 1991. Functioning of photosystems I and II in pea leaves exposed to heat stress in the presence or absence of light. Planta, 186, 88-98. *Short exposure to "mild" heat stress (1h at 40°C) reduces photosynthesis to 20%. PS II is inhibited, PS I stimulated. Low light during treatment provides full photoprotection; direct effect on PSII with protection by intrathylakoid acidification or adjustment of Rubisco degradation ?

HAYES R., 1988. Histological and histochemical comparaisons of bleached and unbleached tissues from Agaricia lamarcki. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 21, 12.

HAYES, R. L., and BUSH, P. G., 1990. Microscopic observations of recovery in the reef building scleratinian coral, Montastrea annularis, after bleaching on a Cayman reef. Coral Reefs, 8, 203-209. *One Ma colony collected in June 88 at 12m depth. BL on 30% surface, comparaison of BL and non BL areas. Sharp boundary between zone, recovery from unbleached area at 12mm/ month (so not from residual population ?). Loss Z, only 55%-36% then 88% (June to December 88). Particularly in extra-tentacular coenosarc. Gastrodermis disrupted. Zone without Z filled with mucus. Z "empty, devoid", with unstained vacuole, without densely stained granules, some with a central condensation and peripheral cytoplasmic clumps.

HAYES, R. L., and GOREAU, T. J., 1991. Tropical coral reef ecosystem as a harbinger of global warming. World Ressource Rev., 3, 306-322. *News.

HAYES, R. L., and GOREAU, T. J., 1992. Histology of Caribbean and south Pacific bleached corals. In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 22-26 June 1992, Guam. Abstract.

HEBER, U., SCHREIBER, U., SIEBKE, K., and DIETZ, K., 1990. Relationship between light-driven electron transport, carbon reduction and carbon oxidation in photosynthesis. In : ZELITCH, I., Perspectives in biochemical and genetic regulation of photosynthesis. Plant biology, Vol 10. Riss, New York, 17-37. *Specialized article: photorespiration prevent photoinhibition. Mehler reaction not fast enough, calculation with assimilatory force.

HEBLING, W. E., VILLAFAÑE, V., FERRARIO, M., and HOLM-HASEN, O., 1992. Impact of natural ultraviolet radiation on rates of photosynthesis and on specific marine phytoplankton species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 80, 89-100. *Tropical phytoplankton showed marked resistance to UV compared to Antartic one; perhaps because it is nanoplankton (naked dinoflagellates and small flagellates).

HELMUTH, B., and SEBENS, K., 1993. The influence of colony morphology and orientation to flow on particle capture by the scleratinian coral Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 165, 251-278. *Discovery Bay, Oct 89-June 91, no BL signalized. Measure of flow by current meters (does not reflect flow experienced by organisms), fully automated electromagnetic device, and video of particle mouvement. At 20m depth, flow oscillation around 5cm/s, period Å6s. Feeding optimum at intermediate flow speed. A. a. is a fast growing coral. Morphology (horinzontal and vertical unifacial, bifacial upright in deeper water) not influenced by prey capture, nor light nor hurricanes: O2/CO2 exchange suggested, plus other trade-off. ("feeding may provide powerful predictors of the recovery of corals from bleaching" ?).

HENDERSON, S. A., CAEMMERER, V. S., and FARQUHAR, G. D., 1992. Short-term measurements of carbon isotope discrimination in several C4 species. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19, 263-285. *Good recent paper on the C4 carbon pump ¶13C effect. (must be added photorespiration fractionation about -5°%, Frenzel B. comm. pers.).

HENLEY, W. J., LEVAVASSEUR, G., FRANKLIN, L. A., OSMOND, B. C., and RAMUS, J., 1991. Photoacclimatation and photoinhibition in Ulva rotundata as influenced by nitrogen availability. Planta, 184, 235-243. *Nitrogen starvation reduces adaptative capacity to photoinhibition with less biosynthesis of Rubisco and probably D1.

HERMAN, J. R., and McPETERS, R., 1993. Ozone depletion at northern and southern latitudes derived from January 1979 to December 1991 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data. J. Geophys. Res., 98/D7, 12783-12793. *Nimbus 7/TOMS data. No change of O3 amount during the decade over tropics (20°S-20°N), trend 0%. Seasonal variability at 15°N Å20%, at 15°S Å10%, interannual variability up to Å5%. There were low O3 in 1983, 1986, 1991. Best analysis of volcanoes effect: decrease after Pinatubo, also after El Chichon, Nevado del Ruiz and Sierra Negra (not Pagan and Ulawun) but might only be to interannual+QBO effects.

HEYMSFIELD, A. J., and MILOSHEVICH, L. M., 1991. Limit to greenhouse warming ? Nature, 351, 14-15. *News and views. Strong dependency of the ratio of energy scattering and absorbed with size of cloud particule in cirrus, might well change with CO2 rise with altering vertical T profile and increase size.

HODGSON, R. A. J., and RAISON, J. K., 1991. Lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity in relation to photoinhibition induced by chilling at moderate light. Planta, 185, 215-219. *O2-dependant chill-temperature photoinhibition is not due to lipid peroxidation or difference in SOD activity in terrestrial plants. Malondialdehyde measurments.

HOEGH-GULDBERG, O., MCCLOSKEY, L. R., and MUSCATINE, L., 1987. Expulsion of zooxanthellae by symbiotic cnidarians from Red Sea. Coral Reefs, 5, 201-204. *Very low rate of expulsion in normal in situ conditions <±0.01-0.1%/day. No diurnal pattern. O.6% (x15) in unstirred, dark, low O2 Xenia in 30 hours. Mitotic index 0.7-2.6%, x3 in laboratory condition, perhaps lower in darkness in situ.

HOEGH-GULDBERG, O., and SALVAT, B., 1995. Periodic mass-bleaching and elevated sea temperatures : bleaching of outer reef slope communities in Moorea, French Polynesia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 121, 181-190. *Exist BL in 93. BL begin mid-late Februar 94, same scale as 91. Clear water (BL seen from 20m depth). In situ T record, +0.8°C then (only) 1992-93, begin BL at same mean month T, about 29°C. Exist +1°C oceanic patch NE Moorea. 4 transects, interaction with sites and depth. BL 40-70%, Acropora, fungiids 90-100%>Poc 75-90%>Montastrea, Montipoa, goniastrea 20-50%>Porites 10-40%, fast-growing high metabolism first. More BL in shallow in NW, more BL in deeper in NE Moorea (10 km apart) but not clear probably species distribution induced. Less Z number < 0.5 Z/cm2. More Z in deep Acropora, not Porites. BL increases in frequency and magnitude.

HOEGH-GULDBERG, O., and SMITH, J. G., 1989. The effect of sudden changes in temperature, light and salinity on the population density and export of zooxanthellae from the reef corals Stylophora pistillata Esper and Seriatopora hystrix Dana. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 129, 279-303. *GBR, Lizard Island, May 1987. BL S. pistillata only 29% number of Z, same Chlo/Z; S. hystrix, 19% Z but 47% more Chl/Z (n=8, p<0.05). Collected maybe up to 3 months after BL begin. Increase light (25%->100% during 10 days) induces one half reduction of Chlo/Z, no change of number of Z (slight elevation of expulsion the first day); 100% mortality with 8hours at 34°C, ± 50% at 32°C for 4 days, 10-20% at 30°C. At 32°C 4 days, 20%-40% reduction of Z, no change Chlo/Z (even some more in individual of Stylophora, variable, n=3). About the same photosynthesis per Z, increase 6 and 3 time respiration from 27°C to 32°C. Immediate increase of respiration and Z expulsion (x100 at 30min, x1000 in 3-4 hours) at 30°C and 32°C. After 6h 32°C, recovery 23 days later. No influence of salinity 30% during 4 days.

HOEKSEMA, B. W., 1991. Control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) in the Java sea: stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 74, 225-237. *Indonesia, April 1983. Mostly outer shallow reef downto 15m (48%), particularly in less than 9m depth (>50%), less in inner reef flat (14%), no one in lagoon. Side of tidal channel (because of T fluctuations ?). No time, density or diversity dependance. Some species difference. Less BL of small one (sheltered), more in big one (in damaged shallow outer reef). Heliofungia actiniformis unaffected, perhaps because thick gastrodermis or green fluorescent pigment.

HOFMANN, D. K., and KREMER, B. P., 1981. Carbon metabolism and strobilation in Cassiopea andromeda (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa): significance of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. Mar. Biol., 65, 25-33. *Photosynthesis, translocation and budding. C3 cycle with photorespiration (gly+ser 30% at 1 hour). 3 min between HCO3- uptake and fixation. Loss of Z with chronic DCMU.

HOLLINGS, E. F., 1988. Bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean. Oral and written testimony to the Commerce, Justice, State, Judiciary and related agencies, Appropriations Subcommittee, USA Senate, 10 Nov. 1987, 142 pp. U.S. Govt. Printing Office. *Statements of R.I. Wicklund, R.F. Dill, W.C. Jaap, D. Duane, F. D'Elia, R.C. Carpenter, J.C. Odgen. Mostly preliminary reports. Warm high-salinity (40 ppt) cascading over the edge of the shelf observed off Lee Stocking Island in July 1986. O2 depletion suggested (Wicklung). BL in Colombia, Islas del Rosario, first in mid-July with 30°C turbid water, extended in mid-Aug. (Lang). Spur formations with bleached corals, Sand Key. Polypes extended in night but not feeding. BL in M. annularis micro-valleys, other with zebra pattern. Z with lack of internal structure. Low tide at midday in 1973 and 1985 up to 32.2°C. Hyperthermia model of hot dense cells, perhaps anoxic (Jaap).

HOTTINGER, L., and PECHEUX, M., 1991. The Foraminifera of the photic zone in the survey area n°1. In : MULLER, J., and 21 OTHERS, Etude des écosystèmes littoraux de Maurice. Rapport n°5. CEE/946/89, 189-202. *Change of faunal composition of foraminifers from 1974 to 1989 with increase of small eutrophe indicators and reduction of large symbiotic forams.

HUDSON, J. H., 1988. Coral bleaching at Looe Key national marine sanctuary, Florida. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R. E., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 22-23. *July 1987, peak in Sept., recovery seen in Dec. First Palythoa carib. 2-3m depth, inshore buttresses, and Ma, confined to edges of spurs. Millepora, Diplora s. and l., Siderastrea, Agaricia, Porites; a little Millepora complanata, normal Acropora complanata and palmata. Lavender Siderastrea, light tan Porites. Warm water; with channeling of heated reef-flat water through grooves.

HUDSON, J. H., POWELL, G. V. N., ROBLEE, M. B., and SMITH, T. J., 1989. A 107-year-old coral from Florida Bay: barometer of natural and man-induced catastrophes. Bull. Mar. Sc., 44, 283-291. *Band growth of Solenastrea since 1880, compared with those of Montastrea annularis since 1861. Probable pollution records, but not of freezes or hurricanes. Apparently no missing years due to a past BL event (growth reduction from mean no more than 30% in Ma and 50% in S.).

HUDSON, J. H., SHINN, E. A., HALLEY, R. B., and LIDZ, B., 1976. Sclerochronology: a tool for interpreting past environments. Geology, 4, 361-364. *M. annularis bands from 1941 of Hen and Chickens reef, Florida. Only stress bands of cold winter.

HUGHES, T. P., 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts and large-scale degradation of a caraibbean coral reef. Science, 265, 1547-1551. *Census in Jamaica since 17 years. Coral cover declined from 50% to 5% ; overfishing, Diadema mortalities, hurricane and bleaching 1987, 89, 90.

IGLESIAS-PRIETO, R., 1995. The effects of elevated temperature on the photosynthetic responses of symbiotic dinoflagellates. In : MATHIS, P., Photosynthesis: from light to biosphere. Kluwer Acad. Press, Netherland, 4/793-796. *Cultivated Z of Montipora as previously, studied by fast fluorescence kinetic at 26-39°C for 45 min in light (40µE) or dark. Lower Fv/Fm at 34-35°C. Fo rise in dark at 35°C ("Tc") or lower Fm at 37°C in light; so exist "only a limited light induced thermoprotection. Increase VJ (= loss of QB-reducing PS II) in dark. Initial rate of photochemistry increase (latter interpreted as thermal disruption) at 38°C. Concludes to implication of PS II impairment in bleaching.

IGLESIAS-PRIETO, R., in press. Temperature-dependent inactivation of photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates. In : Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1996, Panama. *As previous. Control of the standart effect of DCMU and hydroxylamine on fluorescence curves. Reduction of transport electron capacity already at 34°C. In light, VJ rises slowly before 35°C with 1 hour incubation; strongly with incubation time at 32.5°C and saturates at 0.8 after 5 hours (what with Fv/Fm ?). Thermal inactivation in dark at 36-38°C with a fast exponential and a slow sigmoidal increasing components. Thus inactivation first at Qa-Qb PS II site (VJ) then O2 water-splitting complex at higher T. Important role in bleaching, by carbon balance, symbiose stability or disruption of recognition.

IGLESIAS-PRIETO, R., MATA, J. L., ROBINS, W. A., and TRENCH, R. K., 1992. Photosynthetic response to elevated temperature in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 10302-10305. *Cultivated Z of Cassiopea at 26°C, 80µE in ASP-8A (no HCO3 !), either 300%, normal or 10% O2. T experiments with O2 measure (45 min at 500µE, 5mM HCO3) : photosynthesis increases till 30°C (Q10=2.2) and is zero at 35°C (increase-till-collapse ?). Decline of F-DCMU (45 min in dark) around 32°C. No effect O2 level of culture. Emphasizes the role of symbionts in bleaching.

IOC, 1992. UNEP-IOC-WMO-IUCN Meeting of experts on a long-term global monitoring system of coastal and near-shore phenomena related to climate change, pilote projects on mangroves and coral reefs. Monaco, 9-13 Dec. 1991. UNESCO. 19pp.

IPCC (INTERNATIONAL PANEL ON CLIMATIC CHANGE), 1991. Climate change: science, impacts and policy. Proc. 2nd World Clim. Conf. Jäger, J. and Ferguson, H.L., Eds. Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge.

IPCC (INTERNATIONAL PANEL ON CLIMATIC CHANGE), 1992. Climate change : the supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. *Detailed analysis of global climate change. Mention of reef bleaching as due to warming. General temperature trends, with in particular cooling over Caribbean since 1980 for the four seasons.

IPCC (INTERNATIONAL PANEL ON CLIMATIC CHANGE), 1995. Climate change 1995: the science of climate change. Houghton, J.T., et al., Eds., Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge. *Last synthesis on the subject.

IRELAND, C. R., BAKER, N. R., and LONG, S. P., 1987. Evidence for a physiological role of CO2 in the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 893, 434-443. *Somewhat old but good evidence in wheat and maize measured by fluorescence and O2 of a direct CO2 effect on PSII Qa-Qb site, independant of CO2 fixation. HCO3/CO2 Km of 70-100µM. In support of a physiological role of HCO3 binding to PSII as coenzyme regulating quinone redox state.

ISA, Y., and YAMAZOTO, K., 1984. The distribution of carbonic anhydrase in a staghorn coral, Acropora hebes (Dana). Galaxea, 3, 25-36. *CA associated with the calicoblastic epithelium at the apex in histochemical sections, and in heavy and light microsomes. Few in zooxanthellae of endoderm.

ISRAEL, A., and BEER, S., 1992. Photosynthetic carbon acquisition in the red alga Gracilia conferta. II Rubisco carboxylase kinetics, carbonic anhydrase and HCO3- uptake. Mar. Biol., 112, 697-700. *See example of boundary layer 137µm in stirred condition, 372 in unstirred one.

JAAP, W. C., 1979. Observations on zooxanthellae expulsion at Middle Sambo Reef, Florida Keys. Bull. Mar. Sc., 29, 414-422. *Sept 73, confined to reef flat (1m depth, poor coral development), recovery almost complete 6 weeks later. Observation of BL also in Aug 1974. Millepora (tips; pain inflicted), Acropora palmata, M. annularis, Palythoa. Warm (air up to 31.6°C), low afternoon tide, 30% less wind. Very good review of previous works on BL.

JAAP, W. C., 1985. An epidemic zooxanthellae expulsion during 1983 in the lower Florida Keys coral reefs: hyperthermic etiology. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Cong., Tahiti. 143-148. *Shallow spurs and reef flat, and downto 14m depth. Particularly M. complanata (BL 75-95% still stinging, Ý10-15%), Palythoa (expanded), some octocoral Briareum asbestinum, almost all recover. Paling, spotty or total BL. Total loss of Z in BL specimens, or degenerate (reduced or no chloroplasts, lack of lipids, ruptured membranes). Mucoid-polysccharide material, abnormal mitochondria in coral cytoplasm. SST (from nearby station) with mean +0.2°C above historical norms, and maximum +1.1°C; air T, respectively +0.6°C and 0.2°C; Cloud cover 66%; dolldrum condition (but not unusual); report of "dirty water" for several weeks. Hypothesis of sinking hypersaline, low O2, low pH water. Long term reduction of diversity and change of dominance

JAAP, W. C., 1988. The 1987 zooxanthellae expulsion event at Florida reefs. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R. E., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 24-29. *July 1987 (Looe Key) end Aug. (Key Largo), recovery mid Nov. From shallow to >24m depth. Particularly Palythoa carib., Millepora complanata. Some mortality of Strombus gigas, hyperthermia of mollusks, echinoderms, polychaetes in inshore area. Pinnacles of M. annularis ±discolored, BL valleys. Zebra on deep Agaricia . Siderastrea lilac. Millepora with disfonctional nematocysts. Uniform 28.9°C down to 24m; 31-33°C, calm weather.

JAAP, W. C., and WHEATON, J., 1975. Observations on Florida reef corals treated with fish-collecting chemicals. Fla. Mar. Res. Publ., 10, 1-17. *Some BL at short (40 min, A. cervicornis, Gorgonia ventalina) and long-term (3 months) with quinaldine and a rotenone derivative (A. palmata, Agaricia agaricites, S. sidera, D. stigosa, Dichocoenia stokesi).

JACOBS, S. S., 1992. Is the Antartic ice sheet growing ? Nature, 360, 29-33. *Review on future possible sea level fall. "A common scientific position is that the Antantartic ice is slowly growing".

JERLOV, N. G., 1976. Marine optics. Elsevier, Amsterdam. *Reflectance increases with calm sea (from Å5% to 6.6%) (can be easely measured with clarity of horizon). Strong refracted underwater sun glitter, can be dangerous for eyes.

JOHANNES, R. E., 1975. Pollution and degradation of coral reef communities. In : FERGUSON-WOOD, E. J., and JOHANNES, R. E., Tropical marine pollution (Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. 12). Elsevier Sc. Pub., New-York, 13-51. *Review. Sedimentation, seawage, oil, thermal effluent, salinity, pesticide, metals, etc.... Recovery. Corals are more sensitive to thermal effluent, with living pale S. sidera in areas of marginal influence on other biota.

JOKIEL, P. L., 1978. Effect of water motion on reef corals. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 35, 87-97. *70 days experiments in aquarium on P. meandrina, P. damicornis and M. verrucosa. Growth rate (and probably reproduction and survival) proportional to water flow, in a way corresponding to their normal environment. M. verrucosa must be adapted to low currents otherwise death by tissue loss. Interpretation in term of unstirred layer. Verrucae of P. meandrina may be to increase frictional drag. NB: Pocillopora in situ in the diffusion-limited regime (linear relation going through zero intercept), M. verrucosa already almost saturated at low agitation.

JOKIEL, P. L., 1980. Solar ultraviolet radiation and coral reef epifauna. Science, 207, 1069-1071. *80% "shade- loving" epifauna died within 3 days natural UV in aquarium. Mycale cecilia with 3 days normal light discolored and had tissue loss, bleaching of Zygomycale, tissue loss in other. Ecological implication for UV adapted forms.

JOKIEL, P. L., and COLES, S. L., 1974. Effects of heated effluents on hermatypic corals at Kahe Point, Oahu. Pac. Science, 28, 1-18. *BL probably not due to T fluctuation, but to maximum absolute T (30-31°C). Specie sensibility correlated with metabolic rate. Pigments: reduction of 1-2 order of magnitude; 2 specimens virtually without; increase Chlo a/c; 50% increase of 330nm absorbtion in BL Montipora verrucosa (but this may be an artefact), reduction in other species. Heating + 5°C (even +9°C) on 1-2m depth, ÆT 2°C in few seconds. BL and death according to distance of heat source, alway in summer and recovery in winter. P. meandrina>Montipora>Porites>Leptastrea. No change in O2, S°%, metals; turbidity but also in winter. Also Thalassia severly damaged.

JOKIEL, P. L., and COLES, S. L., 1977. Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiin reef Corals. Mar. Biol., 43, 301-208. *One month experiments. BL and death at 31-32°C (31°±1, and 30-33°C), some paling after several weeks at 29.7°C. Mean summer 26.5-27, max 27.5°C. No clear difference with exp. conduct in spring (no adapt ?). At 32°C, retraction polype during 1 day. Migration Z in coenosarc. Upper face first. One month after 7 days 30-32°C, all Pocillopora colonies recover partially (none of the newly-settled.) and fully in 2 months. P.>Montipora>Fungia. (Montipora calcify more). No influence of size. Growth reduced at sublethal T. Cold, mortality at 18.3°C.

JOKIEL, P. L., and COLES, S. L., 1990. Response of Hawaiian and other Indo-Pacific reef corals to elevated temperature. Coral Reefs, 8, 155-162. *General review. Hawai, late summer 86, leeward downto 20m, P. meandrina. Late summer 87, localized to shallow reef flat. Exist tissue loss of Porites evermanni. Oceanic eddies 50-150km, persisting months (but they are cold ones ! see Lobel and Robinson, 1986).

JOKIEL, P. L., and GUINTHER, E., 1978. Effect of temperature on the reproduction in the hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis. Bull. Mar. Sc., 28, 786-789. *Very sharp optimum at 26-27°C for larval settlement (it's normal).

JOKIEL, P. L., and YORK, R. H., 1982. Solar ultraviolet photobiology of the coral Pocillopora damicornis and symbiotic zooxanthellae. Bull. Mar. Sc., 32, 301-315. *UV has no effect on Z number and Chlo/Z in vivo (but severely impaired isolated Z (of Aiptasia and Cassiopea)) and increase host S-320 absorbing compound; they also reduce slightly coral growth by a mean 25% (range 5.0-8.5/5.3-9.5). Reinfection of Aiptasia by Cassiopea Z (sun-loving more resistant).

JOKIEL, P. L., and YORK, R. H., 1984. Importance of ultraviolet radiation in photoinhibition of microalgal growth. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29, 192-199. *Some species adapt to UV, other not, depending of origin. Z of Aiptasia very sensitive to UVA UVB, but only above 40% surface irradiation, more than in hospite, at saturating light; as in situ ?

JONES, P. D., WIGLEY, T. M. L., and WRIGHT, P. B., 1986. Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984. Nature, 322, 430-434.

JORDAN, D. B., and OGREN, W. L., 1981. Species variation in the specificity of ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Nature, 291, 513-515. *Specificity factor around 60 in green microalgae (10-60 in cyano, 80 in C3 plants).

JORDAN, D. B., and OGREN, W. L., 1984. The CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Dependance on ribulosebiphosphate concentration, pH and temperature. Planta, 161, 308-313. *Specificity factor decrease by 27% from 25°C to 35°C (in spinach).

KAJIWARA, K., NAGAI, A., UENO, S., and YOKOCHI, H., 1995. Examination of the effect of temperature, light intensity and zooxanthellae concentration on calcification and photosynthesis of scleratinian coral Acropora pulchra. J. School Mar. Sc. Tech. Tokai Univ., 40, 95-103. *In Japanese. Light-enhanced calcification begin to decrease at 28°C while photosynthesis still increases with T till 30°C.

KAMEZAKI, N., and UI, S., 1984. Bleaching of hermatypic corals in Yaeyama Islands. Mar. Parks J., 61, 10-13. *In japanese. Summer 83, Ryu Kyu. Higher T, +1-2°C (30-31.4°C), period with low winds, normal irradiance.

KAPLAN, A., 1981. Photoinhibition in Spirulina platensis: response of photosynthesis and HCO3- uptake capability to CO2-depleted condition. J. Exp. Bot., 32, 669-677. *Parallelism between photoinhibition and inorganic carbon uptake. H2O2 ? use of catalase and methylviolagen.

KAPLAN, A., SCHWARZ, R., LIEMMAN-HURWIRTZ, J., and REINHOLD, L., 1991. Physiological and molecular aspects of the inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism in Cyanobacteria. Plant. Physiol., 97, 851-855. *Review. Some focus on the function of carboxysomes ("CO2-concentrators"), may be also the case for pyrenoid.

KASPAR, H. F., 1992. Oxygen conditions on surfaces of coralline red algae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 81, 97-100. *O2 profiles with micro-electrodes. Example of boundary layer 0.1-0.2mm at 1-3cm/s flow, up to 2.5mm in unstirred conditions; extreme O2 saturation at surface 10%-400%.

KATO, M., 1987. Mucus-sheet formation and discoloration in the reef-building coral, Porites cylindrica: effects of altered salinity and temperature. Galaxea, 6, 1-16 *June 86, Okinawa, ±40% paling (immediate or 1 month later ?). T from 25°C to over 31°C in 2 weeks. Experiments: mucus as stress response to elevated T (20% at 29°C, 100% at 33°C death at 34°C) and lower salinity (33% at 27°%S, 75% at 21°%S). Discoloration at 31-32°C.

KAYANNE, H., SUZUKI, A., and SAITO, H., 1995. Diurnal changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in coral reef water. Science, 269, 214-216. *Twice 3-days measures in Ryukyus. Maximum pCO2 variation 160-520 ppm in reef flat, just after begin of flushing, otherwise ±200-400ppm. 1:1 ratio of mesured photosynthesis and calcification.

KERR, A., 1990. The climate system as a ticking clock. Science, 249, 1247. *Research news, ENSO decomposition in biennal cycle (better say 2.4y as stratospheric oscillation QBO !! not a surprise !) and a low 4-5 years frequency composant.

KEVIN, K. M., and HUDSON, R. C. L., 1979. The role of zooxanthellae in the hermatypic coral Pleisiastrea urvillei (Milne Edwards and Haime) from cold waters. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 36, 157-170. *Z expulsion only after 50 days in darkness, and reduction of calcification. Normal level of degenerate Z ±10%, with no change of their density during bleaching. Expulsion of both healthy and degenerate Z.

KING, R. J., and SCHRAMM, W., 1982. Calcification in the maerl coralline alga Phymatolithon calcareum : effects of salinity and temperature. Mar. Biol., 70, 197-204. *Baltic brackish alga. Calcium concentration and not salinity per see affects calcification rates. Less influence of temperature.

KINSEY, D. W., 1992. The greenhouse effect and coral reefs. Pac. Science, 46, 375-376. *Abstract. "Recent worldwide coral bleaching is commonly attributed to early indications of greenhouse effect. It seems more probable that it should be attributed to a period of temperature instability unrelated to the greenhouse effect. In fact there is little reason to predict that a slow, steady temperature increase of 1-2°C over 50 yr or more could not be tolerated by all but reefs in the most extreme locations".

KINSEY, D. W., and HOPLEY, D., 1991. The significance of coral reefs as global carbon sinks - response to greenhouse. Paleogeogr. Paleoclim. Paleoecol., 89, 363-377. *Best evaluation of reef net CaCO3 production, first in the GBR, extrapolated to a global 0.11 GTC/year. Suppose a doubling rate with believed sea level rise. No consideration of chemistry.

KINSEY, D. W., and KINSEY, B. E., 1967. Diurnal changes in oxygen content of the water over the coral reef platform at Heron I. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 18, 23-34. *Evidence that water already enriched or reduced in O2 on the previous tide returned in significant quantities to the reef plateform. 23.6°C-30.6°C; 30% to >169% O2 sursaturation.

KINSMAN, D. J. J., 1964. Reef coral tolerance of high temperatures and salinities. Nature, 202, 1280-1282. *In Persian Gulf, shallow seawater ranges from16°C to over 40°C (20-36°C at 5m depth). Period in excess of 35°C commonly encountred. Reefs with 45°% salinities, large Porites with 48°%.

KINZIE, R. A., and HUNTER, T., 1987. Effect of light quality on photosynthesis of the reef coral Montipora verrucosa. Mar. Biol., 94, 95-109. *Color of light influences photosynthesis. Note: high degree of bleaching with complete (healthy) coverage of animal tissue after 2 months in red-light, higher than in prolonged shading.

KINZIE, R. A., JOKIEL, P. L., and YORK, R., 1984. Effects of light of altered spectral composition on coral zooxanthellae associations and on zooxanthellae in vitro. Mar. Biol., 78, 239-248. *Good example of variability of adaptation: with light, particularly blue one, Montipora increases the number of Z, Pocillopora increases the Chlo per Z.

KLEPPEL, G. S., DODGE, R. E., and REESE, C. J., 1989. Changes in pigmentation associated with the bleaching of stony corals. Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 1331-1335. *Florida, Dec 87 (5-6 months after BL), study of 4 colonies of Montastrea annularis. BL with both less Z (27%; 1.53->0.42.10^6/cm2) and less pigment per Z (Chlo a 36%, Chlo c 9%, peridinin, 20%, diadinoxanthin, 16%). Chlo a/c from 2.6 to 10 (some Chlo a from endoliths, but low error. Xanthophyll cycle: low level of diatoxanthin ? (see chromatograms fig. 1); increase diadinoxanthin/Chlo a+c, 11%->16%, diadino/Chlo c 40%->71%. diad/diad+per 29%(normal)->41%; car/chlo 36%->23%.

KNACK, G., and KLOPPSTECH, K., 1992. The heat shock response in a photoautrophic cell culture of Chenopodium rubrum: the effects of temperature and light. J. Plant Physiol., 140, 489-483. *Exemple of increase HSP with only 2°C in 90min. Light synergy: lower light shift, HSP level by +2°C, high light decrease HSP (but not shift, see fig.2).

KNOLL, A. H., 1992. The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science, 256, 622-627. *Good review, here only for Euglena late acquisition of endophotosymbionts (2 ? 0.8 Gyr ?).

KNOWLTON, N., 1988. Coral bleaching in Panama and considerations for the future. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 35-37. *Nov, 87, San Blas, ±5% BL in 1-2m depth, M. annularis. No BL on fringing reefs. No T anomaly.

KNOWLTON, N., ERNESTO W., WEIGT, L. A., and GUZMAN, H., 1992. Sibling species in Montastrea annularis, coral bleaching, and the coral climate record. Science, 255, 330-333. *Three morphotypes (plus three intermorphs) in the species, with some differences in electrophorese and ¶18O. One morph with pale polypes, which may have been classified as bleached.

KNOWLTON, N., LANG, J. C., ROONEY, M. C., and CLIFFORD, P., 1981. Evidence for delayed mortality in hurricane-damaged Jamaican staghorn corals. Nature, 294, 251-252. *Aug. 80. Sustained mortality for 5 months in Acropora fragments, related to size only at the beginning.

KOBLUK, D. R., and LYSENKO, M. R., 1994. "Ring" bleaching in southern caribbean Agaricia agaricites during rapid water cooling. Bull. Mar. Sc., 54, 142-150. *Before 77-81,85-92, 1-2% BL at 10-30 m depth, Meandrina, Siderastrea, Diplopora, Ma, Porites. In A. agaricites, <2% in patch or uniform (ring BL in June 87, May 90, June 91). Bonaire stable environment, little deviation from 27.5-28°C, thermocline at 36 m, 25°C, 41 m 23°C. 26 June 92, local shoaling and drop in 1 day 27.5°C to 25°C, no other change. BL in M.annularis, A.a. 80% BL with "ring": unbleach circled by 2-5mm bleach, 1.8 cm diameter, max 4cm, all complete, sharp limits with polype one side BL other not, with ring intersections, no change of size or ring thickness, increase BL by increase number of ring. Somewhat on ridge. No location relation. Recovery in one week 5% BL (very fast !! not "true" BL). BL Nov. Dec. 90 60% with 32°C. Only leeward side in 79.

KOYAMA, Y., 1991. Structures and functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic systems. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol., 9, 265-280. *Review. Focused on purple photosythetic bacteria system.

KOZAKI, A., and TAKEBA, G., 1996. Photorespiration protects C3 plants from photooxidation. Nature, 384, 557-560. *A good example of link between CO2 photorespiration and photoinhibition by simple sink energy. But stupid conclusion that it is not true in algae and cyano (because they have a CO2 pump : this is true, but far not enough).

KRAUSE, G. H., 1988. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis. An evaluation of damaging and protective mechanisms. Physiol. Plantarum, 74, 566-574. *Good review, somewhat old. Photosynthetic systems and data on photoinhibition. Atrazine, DCMU. Protection with photorespiration (high sensibility in 0% CO2 and 2%O2), SOD, ASX, carotenoids (xantho), qE energy-dependant quenching with ÆpH.

KRAUSE, G. H., and CORNIC, G., 1987. CO2 and O2 interactions in photoinhibition. In : KYLE, D. J., OSMOND, C. B., and ARNTZEN, C. J., Photoinhibition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 169-196. *CO2 and O2 strongly influence photoinhibition, as energy sink (low rate of either photosynthesis or photorespiration, with >4%O2 or 45µbarCO2, but not for C4) ) or maybe direct O2 effect, in part from reactive oxygen. 2 mechanisms of photoinhibition, one O2 insensible.

KRAUSE, G. H., and WEISS, E., 1991. Chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis - the basics. Annu Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol., 42, 313-349. *Review.

KUILE, T. B., and EREZ, J., 1988. The size and function of the internal inorganic carbon pool of the foraminifer Amphistegina lobifera. Mar. Biol., 99, 481-487. *Acid-instable carbon pool for calcification, with internal C concentration 2-3 order higher than seawater.

KUILE, T. B., EREZ, J., and PADAN, E., 1989a. Mechanisms for the uptake of inorganic carbon by two species of symbiont-bearing foraminifera. Mar. Biol., 103, 241-251. *HCO3- active uptake in Amphistegina and Amphisorus fit Hill-Whittimgham equation. Internal carbon pool for calcification in Amphistegina. Acidification decreases the calcification/photosynthesis ratio. DCMU.

KUILE, T. B., EREZ, J., and PADAN, E., 1989b. Competition for inorganic carbon between photosynthesis and calcification in the symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lobifera. Mar. Biol., 103, 253-259. *Total carbon effect with time dependance; inhibition by DCMU, ethoxyzolamide, AZ, carbonic anhydrase in medium. CA was not detected thought strong effect of AZ. For me, no evidence of competition but cooperation.

KUMAR, A., LEETMAA A., and MING JI, 1994. Simulations of atmospheric variability induced by sea surface temperature and implications for global warming. Science, 266, 632-634. *AGCM forced by tropical SST 1982-1993 reproduce land T and observed global warming, with ENSO pattern. Warming N America, Africa, Australia, N Europe, Asia, cooling Greenland, Mexico SE US, N India, SE Asia in winter-spring.

KUSHMARO, A., LOYA, Y., FINE, M., and ROSENBERG, E., 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching. Nature, 380, 396. *Bleaching observed in Oculina patagonensis from mediterranean Israel in summer 1993, in patch, particularly coenosarc, 70-90% loss Z. Bacteria on the border of bleached zone. In experiments Vibrio AK-1 induces bleaching in a week-a month according to concentration; no infection with antibiotic or at 16°C instead 25°C.

KYLE, D. J., 1987. The biochemical basis for photoinhibition of photosystem II. In : KYLE, D. J., OSMOND, C. B., and ARNTZEN, C. J., Photoinhibition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 197-226. *Good review, but old.

KYLE, D. J., OSMOND, C. B., and ARNTZEN, C. J., 1987. Photoinhibition. 315p. Elsevier, Amsterdam. *Basic book on photoinhibition.

LAND, L. S., LANG, J. C., and SMITH, B. N., 1975. Preliminary observations on the carbon isotopic composition of some reef coral tissues and symbiotic zooxhanthellae. Limnol. Oceanogr., 20, 283-287. *From -11.9 to -18.0°%.

LANG, J. C., 1973. Interspecific aggression by scleractinian corals. II. Why the race is only to the swift ? Bull. Mar. Sci., 23, 260-279. *Bleaching in transplants from 14-50m depth to 1 m depth.

LANG, J. C., 1988. Apparent differences in bleaching responses by zooxanthellate cnidarians on Colombian and Bahamian reefs. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R. E., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 30-32. *Colombia, 87, shallow (0-6m) BL with warm and turbid waters (also pollution); Bahamas, increasing BL down to 55m, "subtle" T increase with unusually calm and SW winds. Variable species responses even among localities few km apart. The few shallow Acropora complanata survivors of 80's events seems unaffected (Rosario, Colombia).

LANG J.C., 1988a. Apparent differences in bleaching responses by zooxanthellate cnidarians on Colombian and Bahamian reefs. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 21, 53-54.

LANG, J. C., LASKER, H. R., GLADFELTER, E. H., HALLOCK, P., JAAP, W. C., LOSADA, F. J., and MULLER, R. G., 1992. Spatial and temporal variability during periods of "recovery" after mass bleaching on Western Atlantic coral reefs. Am. Zool., 32, 696-706. *16 surveys on 9 areas, with 2-3 months delay after bleaching initiation; see recommendations. 3-9 months after, Å20% pale, 0-5% BL. Exemple of delayed increase BL between 4-7 months (Colpophyllia), 8-11 months (Palythoa). "Prolonged BL" rather foliaceous, massive than branching. "A common (though not understood) observation of bleaching events is that the specific reef corals which are more likely to discolor vary among sites". No spatial relationship exept faster recovery in shallower.

LANG, J. C., MAGUIRE, B., KING, A. J., and DUSTAN, P., 1993. Non-invasive research and monitoring in coral reefs. In : Global Aspects of Coral Reefs. Health, Hazards, and History, 10-11 June 1993, Miami. 15-21. *Bahamas, Lee Stocking Is. Autumnal bleaching widespread in 87, less in 90, minor in 91, non-existent in 92. Specially Agariciids, Diplopora, Poritids in fore reef in fall 91. Two P. asteroides which BL in 91 rebleached in 92, one at the opposite side of previous year. Methods: transects, digitized maps, aerial photo. Digitization of colonies color photo: more pigments in winter, BL increase brightness but does not change color.

LANG, J. C., WICKLUND, R. I., and DILL, R. F., 1989. Depth- and habitat- related bleaching of zooxanthellate reef organisms near Lee Stocking island, Exuma Key, Bahamas. In : Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1988, Townsville, Australia. 269-274. *BL first on lee side in Sept 87, death of Acropora complanata in Nov, recovery began in Jan 88. Downto 60m depth, even few % at 91 m. In spotty patches or large clumps. Acropora complanata>Agaricia, Palythoa (A. palmata)>Millepora, Porites, M. annularis>M. complanatus. 100% to 50% paling to BL, death only A.c. Upper face. 32°C in situ; air temperature +0.6-1.7°C more than 86; cloudier; impression of calmer gentle breezes. More evaporation and underflowing of dense (40°%) turbid green water at ebb in summer, on 18m fore reef terrasses cascading to 45m and 60m.

LAPOINTE, B. E., 1989. Caribbean coral reefs: are they becoming algal reefs ? Sea Frontiers, Mars-Avril, 82-91. *Generalities. Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment.

LARCHER, W., WAGNER, J., and THAMMATHAWORN, A., 1990. Effects of surimposed temperature stress on in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence of Vigna unguiculata under saline stress. J. Plant. Physiol., 136, 92-102. *As for all land plant, stress only above about 35°C. Interesting synergy : salinity stress enhances mild T stress, but protects against severe T stress.

LARKUM, A. W. D., FRANKLIN, L. A., SEATON, G. R., LOVELOCK, C., and CHESHIRE, A. C., 1996. Studies on photoinhibition of epilithic algae of coral reefs. In : 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Abstract, June 1996, Panama. 113. *Strong photoinhibition in shallow algae at noon, seen not in O2 but fluorescence; hypothesis of a CO2 control. Oral com. and poster: macroalgae chronic photoinhibition. Fv/Fm downto 0.2 in Halimeda !

LASKER, H. R., 1979. Light dependant activity patterns among reef corals: Montastrea cavernosa. Biol. Bull., 156, 196-211. *Monitoring at 3 sites on Panama's Caibbean coast over 2 years. One small region of one colony bleached in Dec. 1976 during a 9 day period of heavy wave. The BL part expanded at night instead of day, and recover normal behavior in parrallell to pigmentation. No influence of DCMU on polype activity.

LASKER, H. R., 1981. Phenotypic variation in the coral Montastrea cavernosa and its effects on colony energetics. Biol. Bull., 160, 292-302. *Caribbean Panama, two morphs, diurnal and nocturnal. Photosynthesis and respiration lower when polypes are retracted.

LASKER, H. R., PETERS, E. C., and COFFROTH, M. A., 1984. Bleaching of reef coelenterates in the San Blas Islands, Panama. Coral Reefs, 3, 183-190. *Before 15 June 83 till 11 July, than recovery. Still bleached colonies in Jan 84. Dowtno 20m depth. Most severe in tidal reef flat. Agaricia (30-100% BL, up to 53% dead)>Montastrea (18%-100% BL)>Millepora. Millepora, Agaricia BL from tips to base, massive M. annularis from base to upper face, others uniform paling or random. Partial mortality in Agaricia. Histopathology: loss of zooxanthellae, few degenerating. Increase of mucus secretory cells, even in healthy -appearing Agaricia, and necrotic tissue animal. One colonie with ovoid granular basophilic body as for WBD. Increase T in May, 32°C in June, >31°C till end July. 34°C in reef flat at low tide. S°% 36-32°%. BL by long term photosynthetic inhibitors (unpublished).

LE TISSIER, M. A. A., and BROWN, B. E., 1996. Dynamics of solar bleaching in the intertidal reef coral Goniastrea aspera at Ko Phuket, Thailand. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 136, 235-244. *Rather "emersion bleaching". Low tide 26-30 March 94, first paling in 2 days, half Z, 1/3 in 4 days, substantial recovery in 10 days. Doubling chlo a/Z, perhaps artifact due to chlo breakdown. BL primarly Z degradation before expulsion (exist few in normal time), from apical to deeper. Loss of Z circularity, wide perialgal space. Degradation of host cell restricted to endoderm with Z.

LECHOWSKI, Z., and BIALCZYK, J., 1991. Photodestruction of chlorophyll in Zea mays L. leaves under different CO2 concentration. Biol. Plantarum, 33/5, 345-353. *Chlo photodestruction under high light is faster without CO2, and almost completely alleviated by 0.3% CO2 in this ! C4 plant. Chlo a photodestruction faster than Chlo b.

LEDER, J. J., SZMANT, A. M., and SWART, P. K., 1991. The effect of prolonged "bleaching" on skeletal banding and stable isotopic composition in Montastrea annularis. Coral Reefs, 10, 19-27. *Florida, July-Sept 87. Normal, recovering and bleached colonies M.a. collected 9 and 12 months after BL event. No stress band, stop calcification. Growth rate of BL colonies, 0% (or 37% for the n°67), 67%-93% for recovering ones, 81%-98% for normal ones. No ¶18O temperature signal in normal colonies (a little in 3 others), may be evaporation effect. No clear BL signal in ¶13C, may be contereffects of reduced photosynthesis and growth rate. Colonies n°67 with 1-2°% ¶13C heavier than all others.

LEE, J. J., 1983. Perspective on algal endosymbionts in larger Foraminifera. Int. Rev. Cytol., Suppl., 14, 49-77. *Review. Bleaching (aposymbiosis) of Amphistegina lessonii with 10µM DCMU, recovery in 7 days.

LEE, J. J., 1990. Fine structure of the Rhodophycean Porphyridium purpureum in situ in Peneroplis pertusus (Forskål) and P. acicularis (Batsch) and in axenic culture. J. Foram. Res., 20, 162-169. *Symbiont not surrounded by an host vesicule but free in cytoplasm, with a very reduced fibrous sheath.

LEE, J. J., 1992a. Symbiosis in foraminifera. In : REISSER, W., Algae and symbioses: plants animals, fungin, viruses, interactions explored. Biopress Ldt., Bristol, 63-78.

LEE, J. J., 1992b. Taxonomy of algae symbiotic in foraminifera. In : REISSER, W., Algae and symbioses: plants animals, fungin, viruses, interactions explored. Biopress Ldt., Bristol, 79-92.

LEE, J. J., McENERY, M. E., KOESTLER, R. J., LEE, M. J., REIDY, J., and SHILO, M., 1983. Experimental studies of symbiont persistence in Amphistegina lessonii, a diatom-bearing species of larger Foraminifera from the Red Sea. Endocytobiology Vol. II. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 487-514. *Bleaching experiment during 5 days in light with 10µM DCMU or methylviolagen. Drop of photosynthesis to 7% or 55%. White specimens but normal pseudopodial activity. Some symbionts remains normal, some perhaps undergoing autolysis. Thylakoids more compact, some disrupted, often pyrenoids collapse. Recovering from diatom cultures showed great non specificity.

LEE, J. J., McENERY, M. E., RÖTTGER, R., and REIMER, C. W., 1980. The isolation, culture and identification of endosymbiotic diatoms from Heterostegina depressa D'Orbigny and Amphistegina lessonii D'Orbigny (Larger Foraminifera) from Hawaii. Bot. Mar., 23, 297-302. *Description of diatoms symbionts, and also of chlorophytes ones which appears as minor.

LEE, J. J., REIDY, J., and KESSLER, E., 1982. Symbiotic Chlorella species from larger Foraminifera. Bot. Mar., 25, 171-176.

LEE, J. J., SANG, K., KUILE, T. B., STRAUSS, E., LEE, P. J., and FABER, W. W., 1991. Nutritional and related experiments on laboratory maintenance of three species of symbiont-bearing, large foraminifera. Mar. Biol., 109, 417-425. *Experiments with diatoms, N, P, light on Amphisorus and Amphistegina. Bleaching in darkness, then death in 2-4 months. Recovery in light in a couple of days (P. Hallock, pers. com).

LESSER, M. P., and SHICK, J. M., 1989. Effects of irradiance and ultraviolet radiation on photoadaptation in the zooxanthellae of Aiptasia pallida: primary production, photoinhibition, and enzymatic defenses against oxygen toxicity. Mar. Biol., 102, 243-255. *Two weeks with ±light, ±UV, analyse of FIZ and CZ. Almost half Chl with high light, no Chl a/c2 change, UV may reduced doubling/day when high light. Effect on SOD, CAT only with light+UV, none on ASPX. Twice more SOD, CAT, ASPX in CZ. 8 bands SOD, Cu-Zn SOD. Measures of photosynthesis during 20-25 minutes. Slight more photoinhib with UV (and also lower Pmax -or photoinhib thresold- for FIZ). CZ more shade adapted than FIZ (of course); CZ utilize UV at low light ?; SOD CAT also for photorespiration ?; presence of peroxisome (unpublished). CZ bigger than FIZ (175µ>100µ). Bleaching due to O2- emission by Z ? Acclimatation with UV confers protection against photoinhibition at high ligt of FIZ (compare fig. 6 b and c).

LESSER, M. P., STOCHAJ, W. R., TAPLEY, D. W., and SHICK, J. M., 1990. Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activies of protective enzymes against active oxygen. Coral Reefs, 8, 225-232. *Palythoa from Bermuda, 10 days at 26/ 31°C, ±light, ±UV. Loss Z with T (30%), UV (20%, but variable); loss Chlo/Z with T (50%); lower Chl a/c2 with T (Å2.3 -> 2) and light; +CAT host with T; +SOD-CAT of Z with T, light, UV; less UV-absorbing compound with T and light, but not UV (but normalization in question). Very few synergetic effects ! So: 1) T: both less Z and Chlo/Z; 2) UV 20% less Z, stabilizes S-320 ?; 3) particularly SOD and CAT of Z. Note: CAT/SOD in Z, 4% at 26°C, 9% at 31°C. CAT in Z and host well correlated, not SOD.

LESSER, M. P., WEISS, V. M., PATTERSON, M. R., and JOKIEL, P. J., 1994. Effects of morphology and water motion on carbon delivery and productivity in the reef coral, Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus): diffusion barriers, inorganic carbon limitation, and biochemical plasticity. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 178, 153-179. *P. damicornis from high/low flow habitat with ­ morph but same Reynold number (same film) same chl a/c, CAT SOD host and Z. Acclimatation to no/low/high flow: increase Å2-5 photosynthesis FIZ, whole photosynthesis, respiration, CAT, SOD, all tested enzymes, strong increase Rubisco. Photosynthetic response to ­ flow in incubation chamber. No difference PAM fluorescence quenching (unpublished).

LESSIOS, H. A., GLYNN, P. W., and ROBERTSON, D. R., 1983. Mass mortalities of coral reef organisms. Science, 222, 715. *News.

LESSIOS, H. A., ROBERTSON, D. R., and CUBIT, J. D., 1984. Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the Caribbean. Science, 226, 335-337.

LEUTENEGGER, S., 1984. Symbiosis in benthic foraminifera: specificity and host adaptations. J. Foram. Res., 14, 16-35. *Synthesis on symbiont types in forams (chloro-, rhodo-, dinophyceans, diatoms, free chloroplasts) together with considerations on light, depth, habitat and shell structure.

LICHTENTHALER, H. K., (Ed.), 1996. Vegetation stress. J. Plant Physiol., Spec Issue, 1-5, 1-644. *Papers on photoinhibition, UV, pollution. Many of them on fluorescence techniques. Good overview on stress problematic in land plants.

LI, W. K. W., 1985. Photosynthetic response to temperature of marine phytoplankton along a latitudinal gradient (16°N to 74°N). Deep-Sea Res., 32, 1381-1391. *Low latitude phytoplakton is near or at their optimum temperature and seems not limited by the activation energy of Rubisco (so by what ?), contrary to cold ones.

LINDQUIST, S., 1986. The heat shock response. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 55, 1151-1191. *Review.

LISS, P. L., and MERLIVAT. L., 1986. Air-sea gas exchange rates: introduction and synthesis. In : BUAT-MÉNARD, P., The role of air-sea exchange in geochemical cycling. Reidel Publ. Comp., 113-127. *Short synthesis (regimes, models, data). CO2 piston velocity = 0.17 wind speed when <3.6m/s (smooth regime) at 20°C (0.22 at 30°C, Schmidt number dependancy Å3%/°C).

LOBEL, P. S., and ROBINSON, A. R., 1986. Transport and entrapment of fish larvae by ocean mesoscale eddies and currents in Hawaiian waters. Deep Sea Res., 33, 483-500. *Description of cyclonic cold eddies in the leeward side of Hawaii, excitated by trade winds, with no formation during period of slacks winds.

LOOMIS, W. F., 1957. Sexual differentiation in Hydra. Control by carbon dioxide tension. Science, 126, 735-739. *Unexpected factor. But which pCO2 elicits reproduction ? (<0.6%).

LORIMER, G. H., and ANDREWS, T. J., 1981. The C2 chemo- and photorespiration oxidation cycle. The Biochemistry of Plants, 8, 329-374. *Synthesis.

LOSADA, F. J., 1988. Report on coelenterate bleaching in the southern Caribbean, Venezuela. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 38-41. *Middle Nov. 87, 25% BL 0.5-15m depth. Diploria l., Agaricia, M. annularis, M. complanata, Palythoa (and see tables). Crude correlation species % affected and colonies % BL. Fringing reefs of mainland coast (one parallel to mangroves and Thalassia), not in islands (at end Nov.). Abnormal rains.

LOVELOCK, C., PANDOLFI, J. M., KURSAR, T. A., and COLEY, P. D., 1996. Measuring coral bleaching with chlorophyll fluorescence and assessment of photoinhibition of photosynthesis in partially bleached and healthy Agaricia tenuifolia. In : 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Abstract, June 1996, Panama. 120. *First published fluorescence data on bleached coral. Signal 50 time lower in bleached part, but same Fv/Fm ! Also, more sensitivity to light 500-1300µE/m2.s of partially bleached colonies.

LOYA, Y., 1975. Possible effects of water pollution on the community structure of Red Sea corals. Mar. Biol., 29, 177-185. *Reef flat emergence by low tide 16-18 Sept. 1970, air T up to 38.4°C, 90% corals died, no bleaching signalized (less information in Loya, 1972). Monitoring recovery in polluted area.

LOYA, Y., and RINKEVICH, B., 1979. Abortion effect in corals induced by oil pollution. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 1, 77-80.

LUCAS, W. J., and BERRY, J. A., (Eds.) 1985. Inorganic carbon uptake by aquatic photosynthetic organisms. 481 pp. Am. Soc. Plant. Physiol., Tulsa. *Excellent collective book, often of molecular biology.

LUDLOW, M. M., 1987. Light stress at high temperature. In : KYLE, D. J., OSMOND, C. B., and ARNTZEN, C. J., Photoinhibition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 89-109. *Mostly on terrestrial plants at temperature > 42°C. Very few data on "high-temperature-exacerbated photoinhibition" between 30°C and 42°C.

LUDLOW, M. M., and BJÖRKMAN, O., 1984. Paraheliotropic leaf movement in Siratro as a protective mechanism agaisnt drought-induced damage to primary photosynthetic reactions: damage by excessive light and heat. Planta, 161, 505-518. *Very abrupt PSII degradation around 42°C, due to temperature alone; mechanism unknown.

MACLEAN, J., 1984. Red tide - a growing problem in the Indo-Pacific region. ICLARM Newsl., 7, 20. *Begin in Å 1971-1972, many in 1983.

MADSHUS, I. H., 1988. Regulation of intracellular pH in eukaryotic cells. Biochem. J., 250, 1-8. *Review article. Classes of transporters and effects of intracellular pH variations. Comments on exocytosis caused by low pH.

MANGUM, C. P., and JOHANSEN, K., 1982. The influence of symbiotic dinoflagellates on respiratory processes in the giant clam Tridacna squamosa. Pac. Sc., 36, 395-401. *Daily O2 balance. Blood normoxic or only slightly O2 sursaturated in the day (110% maximum). Suggestion of O2 store by the blood of 5-15 minutes with delayed responses to light changes.

MARCUS, J., and THORHAUG, A., 1981. Pacific versus Atlantic responses of the subtropical hermatypic coral Porites spp. to temperature and salinity effects. In : Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1981, Manilia. 2, 15-20. *P. compressa (Hawaii) begin to bleach at 32°C (4-5°C above mean summer), 100% BL at 33°C in 5 days, P. porites (Florida) at 33°C (2-3°C above mean summer), 100% BL at 34°C in 10 days. Cold BL of P.porites in 5 days at 15°C. No effect of salinity inside 25°%-37°% range. % bleaching increase linearly with log time, speed proportional to total effect. Each one °C above threshold doubles effects.

MARKELL, D. A., TRENCH, R. K., and IGLESIAS-PRIETO, R., 1992. Macromolecules associated with the cell walls of symbiotic dinoflagellates. Symbiosis, 12, 19-31. *Only cultivated Z. Proteins/glycoproteins with walls, and released. Indirect evidence that Rubisco is associated with pyrenoid.

MATTA, J. L., and TRENCH, R. K., 1991. The enzymatic response of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum (Freudenthal) to growth in vivo under varied oxygen tensions. Symbiosis, 11, 31-45. *About 2 months at 6±2%, normal and 53±8% O2. Between 1% and 99% enzymes activity in pellet !. SOD increase with O2, lower CAT at normal O2, problem of normalization with APX.

MAYER, A. G., 1914. The effects of temperature upon tropical marine animals. Carnegie Instn., Wash., Publ. Pap. Tortugas Lab., 183, 1-24. *Tortugas, Florida, 1911, 38°C, corals injuried (even not exposed to air) and kill of many Diadema, mollusks, fishes. 18 species resist without apparent injury to 35.7-38.2°C, death at 35.8-38°C, with warming rate 2°C/hour.

MAYER, A. G., 1918a. Ecology of the Murray Island coral reef. Pap. Dept. Mar. Biol., Carnegie Instn., Wash., 9, 1-48. *With warmig 2°C/hour (3 to 4 hours experiments), 9 species resist without apparent injury (examination on the following day) to 35.6-37.3°C, death at 35.8°C to 38.5°C. Survival time buried under mud from 10 to >73 hours, correlated with T resistance. Also time resistance at 50% salinity.

MAYER, A. G., 1918b. Toxic effects due to high temperature. Pap. Dept. Mar. Biol., Carnegie Instn., Wash., 11, 175-178. *Coral death in 1 hour from 34.7°C to 38.2°C (8 sp., in which Acropora, Porites, Siderastrea). No effect of light/darkness, nor of oxygen concentration (1.7 to 6.6cc/l). High survival without O2 (>6 hours for Acropora, >11 hours for others). Same order of resistance to CO2 with death from 1-4hours. Same ranking of respiration rate (normalized to tissu buoyant wheight) as T and CO2 sensibility. Cassiopea pulsation proportional to T, with no time effects up to 37°C, degradation above. Ref. Henze 1910, respiration function of [O2] in sea-anemones.

MAYOR, A. G., 1924. Structure and ecology of Samoan reefs. Pap. Dept. Mar. Biol., Carnegie Instn., Wash., 19, 1-25. *First part on reef formation (with keep on, catch up and drown down with sea level rise). Correlation respiration rate and T resistance (and mud and CO2 ones) (4 sp.), apart for Samoan (but not Florida) Pocillopora; perhaps because of its "capacity to drive stagnant CO2-laden [boundary] layer from its stems by its cilia" and great "aeration area". Survive >1 day, 27°C at pH 7 (by HCl). Same reactions at 8.2 and 6.95 pH at 37.7°C and normal O2. "Just lethal T" in 1 h at 6.65-6.9 pH (by CO2) and normal pH about the same, -0.85°C to +0.1°C (mean -0.4°C±0.4, 5 species). No change of respiration with low pH-high CO2. Acidosis theory. In situ: up to 200% O2, pH 8.01-8.65, T up to 32.3, 33.9°C, rainfall and low salinity 18°%. Thousands of Acropora death with heavy pollution in Suva port.

McCLOSKEY, L. R., COVE, T. G., and VERDE, E. A., 1996. Symbiont expulsion from the anemone Anthopleura elegantissima (Brandt) (Cnidaria; Anthozoa). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 195, 173-186. *Normal expulsion in bolus of mucus and digested material, at contrast to corals. Increase expulsion with 13% to 100% light, not MI or density for 2 months. Mitotic index of expulsed Z 4 time greater then in hospite (Z : 1.68/7.12; zoochlorella: 5.64/19.48).

McCORNACK, M. R. C., and STRONG, A. E., 1990. Correlation between sea surface temperature trends and Caribbean coral bleaching events. EOS, 71, 104. *Short abstract, no data.

MELIS, A., 1991. Dynamics of photosynthetic membrane composition and function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1058, 87-106. *Excellent and most recent review on photosynthetic systems to understand photoinhibition and pigment bleaching due to D1 protein weakness.

MERGNER, H., 1981. Man-made influences on and natural changes in the settlement of the Aqaba reefs (Red Sea). In : Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1981, Manila. 193-207. *Long-term monitoring. "Daily increase of 8.5°C over the reef flat, and quick massive expulsion of brownish dyes by entire brown algae phytal and subsequent dying off" (in Mastaller, 1979, Diss.).

MERLEN, G., 1985. The nature of El Niño: a perspective. In : ROBINSON, G., and DEL PINO, E. M., El Niño en las Islas Galàpagos: el evento de 1982-1983. Publicaciòn de la Fundaciòn Charles Darwin para las Islas Galàpagos, Quito, Ecuador, 133-150. *Very few remarks on corals. "Few beautiful yellow-orange Tubastrea".

MICHAELS P.J., SINGER, F. S., and KNAPPENBERGER, P. C., 1994. Analyzing ultraviolet-B radiation: is there a trend ? Science, 264, 1341-1343. *UV spike with 2-3 time normal values during 4 days in Toronto, also in Texas 23 June 93, but "large temporary UV variation are not unusual" and "carefull analysis demonstrate the lack of any robust trend".

MICHEL, A., COLIN, C., DESROSIERES, R., and OUDOT, C., 1971. Observations sur l'hydrologie et le plancton des abords et de la zone des passes de l'atoll de Rangiroa (archipel des Tuamotu, océan Pacifique central). Cah. ORSTOM, ser. Océanogr., 3, 375-402. *General hydrographic and plancton study. Note: temperature data for "upwelling" induced by tidal channel current.

MIGOTTO, A. E., 1995. Anthozoan bleaching on the southeastern coast of Brazil - Summer 1994. In : 6th Int. Conf. Coelenterate Biol., 16-21 July 1995, Leeuwenhorst, Netherlands. 70. *Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paolo, Februar 1994. P. caribaeorum (some mortality) Mussum hispida 80% white or pale almost all recover, Madracis, Zoanthus, first sign of recovery in March. T 30-32.5°C, about 1-2.5 above annual maxima 1985-1993.

MILLER, A. G., and CANVIN, D. T., 1987. The quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence as a consequence of the transport of inorganic carbon by the cyanobacterium Synechoccus UTEX 625. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 894, 407-413. *Complex relations between carbon pump and photoinhibition. 60% quenching (probably qQ) dependant on both HCO3- or CO2 uptake, but independant on net carbon fixation. It may be due either to the need of high concentration of HCO3- at the PSII site or to energy dissipation by the C pump (photorespiration is not evoked). Km HCO3- at PSII ±180µM.

MILLER, N., and CARPENTIER, R., 1991. Energy dissipation and photoprotection mechanisms during chlorophyll photobleaching in thylakoid membranes. Photochem. Photobiol., 54, 465-472. *Spinach. PSI bleachs faster, but PSII is more sensitive to photoinhibition. Biphasic kinetics.

MORSE, A. N. C., 1996. Effect of natural bleaching event on Agariciid larval production, metamorphosis, overall survival, and growth. In : 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. June 1996, Panama. Abstract. 137. *Bonaire, Sept. Oct. 1995. Larval color from tan to white correlated with parent percent bleaching.

MORSE, J. W., and MACKENZIE, F. T., 1990. Geochemistry of sedimentary carbonates (Developments in sedimentology n°48). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 707pp. *Synthesis.

MOTODA, S., 1940. Comparaison of the conditions of water in the bay, lagoon and open sea in Palao. Palao Trop. Biol. Sta., 2, 41-48. *Aug. 35-Aug 36, T, S, O2, pH. Observation of denser water in lagoon than bay and open sea Nov.-Dec. when high T (30°C) (fig.2).

MOTODA, S., 1940a. The environment and the life of massive reef coral, Goniastrea aspera Verril, inhabiting the reef flat in Palao. Palao Trop. Biol. Stat. Stud., 36, 61-104. *A particularly resisting species. Up to 39°C, >38°C during 1 hour and >30°C during 4 hours without damage or BL. One observation of hot dense water with high O2 and pH.

MULLER, J., and 22 OTHERS AUTHORS, 1991. Etude des écosystèmes littoraux de Maurice. Rapport n°5. 292 pp. Confidential report. Commission des Caummunautés Européennes, Projet 946/89, *Bleaching in Mauritius Island in spring 1989, mostly descriptions and studies of water pollution. Also observation of traces of bleaching 6 months later in the isolated Ile Plate.

MURATA, N., ISHIZAKI-NISHIZAWA, O., HIGASHI, S., HAYASHI, H., TASAKA, Y., and NISHIDA, I., 1992. Genetically engineered alteration in the chilling sensitivity of plants. Nature, 356, 710-713. *Recent work on temperature and photosynthesis: unsaturation of lipids of thylakoid membrane confers resistance to to chilling photoinhibition.

MURPHY, M., 1991. Are red tides getting into top gear ? Red Tide Newsl., 4/2-3, 14-15.

MUSCATINE, L., 1974. Endosymbiosis of cnidarians and algae. In : MUSCATINE, L., and LENHOFF, H. M., Coelenterate biology. Review and new perspectives. Acad. Press, NY, USA, 359-395. *Notes: In Hydra, glycerol causes algae to disintegrate in situ, leaving behind an empty intracellular vacuole. Bleaching of sea aemone Anthopleura by warming (Buschbaum, 1968, PhD). No bleaching of anemons or corals by algicid and streptomycin (1961, PhD). Exist natural aposymbiotic Anthopleura along Pacific coast of North America.

MUSCATINE, L., 1991. Coral bleaching: a cell biological perspective. In : D'ELIA, C. F., BUDDEMEIER, R. W., and SMITH, S. V., Workshop on coral bleaching, coral reef ecosystems and global change: report of proceeding. Maryland Sea grant College Pub., 46. *News. Bleaching as a "down regulation". Hypothesis of cell adhesion dysfunction by elevated intracellular calcium due to failure of ions pumps caused by membrane thermotropic effects.

MUSCATINE, L., and LENHOFF, H. M., 1965. Symbiosis of hydra and algae. I. Effects of some environmental cations on growth of symbiotic and aposymbiotic hydra. Biol. Bull., 128, 415-424. *Review. BL in hydra in one week in 0.068 M glycerine. Same 20% reduction of growth of green and albino hydra with glycerine (feeded with forceps).

MUSCATINE, L., and McNEIL, P. L., 1989. Endosymbiosis in Hydra and the evolution of internal defense systems. Amer. Zool., 29, 371-386. *How symbionts escape digestion ? Exist indefinite symbiosis in darkness when fed, but bleaching with non-native symbionts. With DCMU or polycation, symbionts are digested.

MUSCATINE, L., and WEIS, V., 1992. Productivity of zooxanthellae and biochemical cycles. In : FALKOWSKI, P. G., and WOODHEAD, A. D., Primary productivity and biogeochemical cycles in the sea. Plenum Press, New York, 257-271. *See arguments for "carbon limitation": diffusion barrier, ¶13C, carbonic anhydrase (located at or near perialgal vacuolar membrane, but soluble in majority - immunogold technique, see Weiss).

MUSCATINE, L., GROSSMAN, D., and DOINO, J., 1991. Release of symbiotic algae by tropical sea anemones and corals after cold shock. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 77, 233-243. *Dissociation of zooxanthellae from the endoderm in the coelenteron; rewarming is necessary only for expulsion in sea water. Transient cold shock on Aiptasia with clear threshold at 16°C and saturation level. Hyperbolic expulsion dynamic, but continous for up to 8 days. More variability for corals, in particular death without BL for Montipora cavernosa, Millepora complanata (St Croix) and M. verrucosa, Palythoa (Hawai) (ÅBL-sensitive species). Thermotropic effect on membranes ?.

MUSCATINE, L., MASUDA, H., and BURNAP, R., 1979. Ammonium uptake by symbiotic and aposymbiotic reef corals. Bull. Mar. Sc., 29, 572-575. *Symbiotic pumps NH4. Remarks on discovery of rare BL colonies.

MUSCATINE, L., PORTER, J. W., and KAPLAN, I. R., 1989. Ressource partitioning by reef corals as determined from stable isotope composition. I. ¶13C of zooxanthellae and animal tissue vs depth. Mar. Biol., 100, 185-193. *CO2 depletion-diffusion hypothesis. HCO3- use. ¶13C correlated to growth rate (¶13C order more or less similar to BL sensibility).

MUTHIGA, N. A., and SZMANT, A. S., 1987. The effects of salinity stress on the rates of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in the hermatypic coral Siderastrea sidera. Biol. Bull., 173, 539-551. *No effect with less than plus or minus 10°% salinity change during 6 days.

NAKANO, Y., YAMAZOTO, K., and ISO, S., 1992. Responses of Okinawan reef-building corals to experimental high salinity. In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 22-26 June 1992, Guam. Abstract. *Critical salinity around 43°%.

NEALE, P. J., 1987. Algal photoinhibition and photosynthesis in the aquatic environment. In : KYLE, D. J., OSMOND, C. B., and ARNTZEN, C. J., Photoinhibition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 39-65. *Generalities, particularly on plankton. Dinoflagellate (and cyanobacteria ?) more sensible to photoinhibition than diatom and green algae.

NELSON, M., BURGESS, T. L., ALLING, A., ALVAREZ-ROMO, N., DEMPSTER, W. F., WALFORD, R. L., and ALLEN, J. P., 1993. Using a closed ecological system to study earth's biosphere. Initial results from Biosphere 2. BioScience, 43, 225-236. *2 years, pCO2 1000-3500ppm (what regulates upper level of CO2 on Earth ?? reefs !!), reef water buffered at pH>7.7 with NaCO3 !, no special problem noted.

NEUDECKER, S., 1981. Growth and survival of scleractinian corals exposed to thermal effluents at Guam. In : Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp., Manilia. 173-180. *Transplants. Acropora formosa from "periodic excess 32°C" to "36°C not uncommun": Z and mucus sloughing, death few hours-1 week. Porites andrewsi from ? to "36°C not uncommun" some survival but no growth. P. damicornis from ? to "36°C not uncommun", BL 1 week, death one month, some growth; from ? to 30-35.5°C, reduced growth. Correlated with linear growth rate.

NEWTON, P. A., and ATKINSON, M. J., 1991. Kinetics of dark oxygen uptake of Pocillopora damicornis. Pac. Science, 45, 270-275. *Michaelis-Menten pattern of respiration with [O2]. No visible effect of water motion, but great differences between experiments (probable influence of initial and final O2 concentration).

NIMER, N. A., BROWNLEE, C., and MERRETT, M. J., 1994. Carbon dioxide availability, intracellular pH and growth rate of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 109, 257-262. *High-calcifying Emilie under constant pH and pCO2 of ppm 300, 1000 (40% reduction of growth), 5000 (no growth), or constant pCO2 and pH 8.3, 7.8, 7, for up to 12 days, 15°C, 50µE. Measure of internal pH, closely following growth rate, controlled by both ext. pH and pCO2. As guess for corals, loosely controlled internal pH drive HCO3 uptake for photosynthesis and calcification.

NORTON, J. H., SHEPHERD, M. A., and LONG, H. M., 1992. The anatomy of the zooxanthellal tube system of the giant clams (Tridacnadae). In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 22-26 June 1992, Guam. Abstract. *Symbionts in diverticulum of digestive tract, with no connection with haemolymph system.

NOVER, L., 1991. The heat shock response. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. *Review.

OGATA, E., and MATSUI, T., 1965. Photosynthesis in several marine plants of Japan as affected by salinity, drying and pH with attention to their growth habitats. Bot. Mar., 8, 199-217. *Strong interaction of salinity and carbon. Not very precise.

OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., (Eds.) 1988. Mass bleaching of coral reefs in Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2, 1-9. *Reports of a workshop. BL in 1987-88: warm water (>30°C), dolldrum time, light. Superheated and hypersaline pockets of water ? Shaded corals bleached when exposed to light.

ÖGREN, E., 1991. Prediction of photoinhibition of photosynthesis from measurements of fluorescence quenching components. Planta, 184, 538-544. *Fluorescence quenching (=PSIIß) is a good measure of photoinhibition in Salix sp.. Interactions with light, acclimatation, temperature (more sensible at 25°C than 12°C), age, CO2.

OKAICHI, T., ANDERSON, D. M., and NEMOTO, T., (Eds.) 1989. Red tides. Biology, environmental science, and toxicology. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Red Tide, 1987, Kagawa, Japan. 489pp. Elsevier, New York. *Increase number of reports of red tides. Numerousous papers on various aspects.

OLIVER, D. J., and KIM, Y., 1990. Biochemistry and developmental biology of the C-2 cycle. In : ZELITCH, I., Perspectives in biochemical and genetic regulation of photosynthesis. Plant biology, Vol 10. RISS, A.R., New York, 253-269. *Review on photorespiration "C2" cycle (enzymes, localization, inhibitors, mutants, transports, reverse C2 in the dark).

OLIVER, J., 1985. Recurrent seasonal bleaching and mortality of corals on the Great Barrier reef. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Cong., Tahiti. 201-206. *Over 500km. Inshore fringing reef to shelf edge, almost only 0-10m depth. Jan 82, BL expanded in 1 1/2 month, recovery began 1 month later, still BL corals 8 months after begining. Å half BL and dead; particularly Pocilloporidae, tabulate Acropora, Montipora, Goniopora, but many others (in which 4 soft corals). Upper face. BL in mid 1970's. Significant one in 1980. Summer (and winter) is a period of low growth. No temperature anomaly (29.3°C in John Brewer reef, ±30°C Davies reef).

OLIVER, J. K., and BERKELMANS, B., 1994. Coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef over the last decade. In : Joint Sc. Conf. on Science, management and sustainability of marine habitats in the 21st century, 8-11th July 1994, Townsville. Abstracts. 58. *BL each 2-5 years, most severe in 82. Not attributable to meteorological anomaly.

OLSON, R. R., 1986. Light-enhanced growth of the ascidian Didemnum molle/Prochloron sp. symbiosis. Mar. Biol., 93, 437-442. *Growth enhanced by light, flow (Fig. 5). Aposymbiosis in 6 days in darkness and in low flow.

ORR, A. P., and MOORHOUSE, F. W., 1932. Variations in some physical and chemical conditions on and near Low Island Reef. Great Barrier Reef Exped., Sc. Rept., 2, 87-98. *Maximum T among growing corals 37.1°C, end summer 1929, but maybe BL later ? . Maximum daily variation in a moat on calm day, with 30-200cm tide: T 25.3-34.9°C, O2 saturation 18-230%, pH 7.82-8.3.

ORTIZ, W., 1990a. Increased turnover of a polypeptide associated with the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex II in partially bleached Euglena gracilis. J. Plant Physiol., 136, 187-192. *A 24.5 kD is instable in the LHCII at 33°C, perhaps due to membrane desorganization. BL by T is different at biochemical level than with darkness or levulinic acid.

ORTIZ, W., 1990b. Protein synthesis during the initial phase of the temperature-induced bleaching response in Euglena gracilis. Plant Physiol., 93, 141-147. *Increase biosynthesis of nuclear origin, decrease of chloroplast biosynthesis, particularly large unit of Rubisco. Increase chl 166% at 15h at 33°C. Use of cycloheximide (80S nuclear) and spectinomycin (70S, chloroplasts and mitochondries).

ORTIZ, W., 1991. Differences between heat-bleaching and heat-shock at the level of protein synthesis in Euglena gracilis. J. Plant Physiol., 138, 540-544. *Different proteins are synthetized during "bleaching" (33°C) and heat shock (36°C) conditions in long-term incubation. Are they heat-shock proteins under bleaching conditions ?

ORTIZ, W., 1992. Contributions from the plastid and the nucleocytoplasmic compartments to the events associated with heat-bleaching in Euglena gracilis. J. Plant Physiol., 139, 543-548. *Euglena BL at 33°C. Initial rise of chl at 15 hours. Loss of plastid protein synthesis, total after 41 hours, LSU SSU Rubisco, polypeptides of PS I and II and Qb.

ORTIZ, W., and KUTNER, M. S., 1990. Cycloheximide delays chlorophyll loss but not the inhibition of plastid protein synthesis during heat-bleaching in Euglena gracilis. J. Plant Physiol., 137, 110-115. *Reduced chloroplastic biosynthesis at 33°C, in particular of the RUBISCO large subunit. Chlo loss (bleaching sensu stricto) appears as a secondary event and seems to be controlled by protein of nuclear origin. The increase of chlorophyll may be due to glutamate accumulation.

ORTIZ, W., and WILSON, C. J., 1988. Induced changes in chloroplast protein accumulation during heat bleaching in Euglena gracilis. Plant Physiol., 86, 554-561. *Bleaching at 32-34°C, abruptly irreversible after 40h (4 generations), also by UV, then heterotrophy. Exponential decrease of Chlo, after a first increase in young cultures. Sharp decrease of Rubisco. Heat shock proteins.

OSAFUNE, T., SUMIDA, S., EHARA, T., and HASE, E., 1989. Three-dimensional distribution of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in chloroplasts of actively photosynthesizing cell of Euglena gracilis. J. Electron. Microsc., 38, 399-402. *Rubisco highly concentrated in pyrenoid.

OSMOND, C. B., 1981. Photorespiration and photoinhibition. Some implications for the energetics of photosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 639, 77-98. *Good review.

OSMOND, C. B., RAMUS, J., LEVAVASSEUR, G., FRANKLIN, L. A., and HENLEY, W. J., 1993. Fluorescence quenching during photosynthesis and photoinhibition of Ulva rotundata Blid. Planta, 190, 97-106. *Pulse-modulated fluorescence on Ulva, low/high light, inhibitors DTT, CAP. Depletion of inorganic carbon favorizes photoinhibition (experiment at 0 and 20mM ·C).

PALCA, J., 1987. Bleaching of Caribbean corals a cause for concern. Nature, 330, 307. *News.

PARDY, R. L., 1976. The production of aposymbiotic hydra by the photodestruction of green hydra zoochlorellae. Biol. Bull., 151, 225-235. *Bleaching with light (partial with 620W/m2 5 days, 1900W 3 days), more efficient with 1µM DCMU. No BL with DCMU and normal light. Red light is most effective. Symbionts degraded but normal host cells. Bleaching within several days in 0.5% glycerine not alway efficient.

PATTERSON, M. R., 1991. The effects of flow on polyp-level prey capture in an octocoral, Alcyonium siderum. Biol. Bull., 180, 93-102. *More capture at low or mid flow.

PATTERSON, M. R., SEBENS, K. P., and OLSON, R. R., 1991. In situ measurements of flow effects on primary production and dark respiration in reef corals. Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 936-948. *Montastrea annularis in flow from 2.3 to 7cm/s. About 3 time more maximum photosynthesis (no raw data), no influence on Ik and compensation point. Boundary layer 1mm-1cm !. Analysis with Reynold number (=flow*colony size-form/viscosity) and Sherwood number (assumed just O2 saturation inside coral, aïe). "Coral are carbon limited".

PEARSON, R. G., 1981. Recovery and recolonisation of coral reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 4, 105-122. *Review.

PECHEUX, M., 1984. Le Sénonien supérieur-Tertiaire du Chiapas (S.E. Mexique) et ses macroforaminifères. Thèse Univ. Nice. 154p.

PECHEUX, M., 1993. Is present coral reef mass bleaching due to CO2 rise ? In : 7th Int. Symp. Biomineralisation, Nov. 1993, Monaco. Abstract. 112.

PECHEUX, M., 1993b. Reef drowning at the glacial/interglacial transition: what consequences ? 4th CO2 Int. Conf., Sept. 1993, Carqueiranne. In: Env. Poll. Monitor. Res. Ser., 89, 235-236. *Model of carbon cycle. Reef drowning produced weak impact on pCO2 (20ppm) but important CCD deepening.

PECHEUX, M., 1994. CO2 rise and coral reef bleaching. In : 2nd Eur. Reg. Meet. Coral Reefs, Sept. 1994, Luxembourg. Abstract. 101.

PECHEUX, M., 1995. Pseudorhapyionina hottingeri, nouveau foraminifère du Paléocène du Chiapas, SE Mexique. Rev. Micropal., 38, 169-176. *The first reappearance of a large foraminifer, 5-10 million years after the Cretaceous/Tertiary catastrophe.

PECHEUX, M., 1995b. Ecology of a recent large foraminifer, Operculina ammonoides. Geobios, 28, 529-566. *Computerized biometry of X-ray microphotographies of Operculina from the Gulf of Aqaba. Of particular interest here is the analysis of small, "normal" irregularities, indicative of depth and unrelated to bleaching.

PECHEUX, M., Subm. Analysis of ozone satellite data : no relation between UV and reef mass bleaching. Available at http:// coral.aoml.noaa.gov/pub/champ/list-archives/archives 29/03/ 1996. Subm. to Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. *Analysis of 1979-1991 Nimbus 7 TOMS ozone data over reef areas : no trend at month or year scale, no increase of variance or more drawdown; no correlation with the 20 examined bleaching events. The UV must be discarded as a primary cause of bleaching.

PECHEUX, M., and MICHAUD, F., 1997. Yucatátan subsurface stratigraphy: implications and constraints for the Chicxulub impact. Geology, 25, 92. *K/T sections in southern Mexico.

PETERS, E. C., 1984. A survey of cellular reactions to environmental stress and disease in Caribbean scleratinian corals. Helgoländ. Meersunt., 37, 113-137. *Good review, but no remarks on bleaching.

PETERS, E. C., MEYERS, P. A., YEVICH, P. P., and BLAKE, N. J., 1981. Bioaccumulation and histopathological effects of oil on a stony coral. Mar. Poll. Bull., 12, 333-339. *3 months at 0.1 and 0.5ppm oil (with T up to 31°C !). Increase mucus activity, atrophy, some degeneration and loss of zooxanthellae.

PETERS, E. C., and PILSON, M. E. Q., 1985. A comparative study of the effects of sedimentation on symbiotic and asymbiotic colonies of the coral Astrangia danae Milne Edwards and Haime 1849. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 92, 215-230. *Temperate natural asymbiotic. With high sedimentation, few patchy bleaching (generally not, ref.). Necrosis, decrease of mucus production,..."accumulation of unusual basophilic mucoid material in the calicoblastic layer (change in pH and composition of mucin were indicated by the Pentachrome stain)".

PETERSON, R. B., 1990. The RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase model and photorespiration in C3 leaves. In : ZELITCH, I., Perspectives in biochemical and genetic regulation of photosynthesis. Plant biology, Vol 10. RISS, A.R., New York, 285-299. *Fluorescence of PSII and energy dissipation by photorespiration; remarks on Melher reaction, N reduction peroxidation of alpha-keto acids and O2/CO2 stoichiometry in photorespiration.

PETERSON, R. B., 1991. Effects of O2 and CO2 concentrations on quantum yields of photosystems I and II in tobacco leaf tissue. Plant Physiol., 97, 1388-1394. *Complex feedback regulations between carbon-fixing reactions and photochemical ones. O2 both protects by photorespiration and destructs by Mehler reactions.

PETTICREW, E. L., and KALFF, J., 1991. Calibration of a gypsum source for freshwater flow measurements. Can. J. Aquat. Sc., 48, 1244-1249. *With temperature but not salinity corrections.

PEYSSONEL, J. A., 1744. Traité du corail. Unpublished, Paris Museum. Phil.Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 1753, in introduction by L. Cosserat of French edition of Darwin, Coral Reefs, 2nd ed., 1878. *"This insect closes itshelf when one throws, in the glass where it is, acid liquors" (p. 44).

PFISTER, C., 1990. Winters in Switzerland in the last 700 years. In : Int. Symp. Clima Locarno 90, 24-28 Sept. 1990, Ticino, Switzerland. Abstract. 52. *No 2 following (rare, each 80 yr) drought winters since 1300; but 3 (+1) in the 80' decade.

PHILANDER, S. G. H., 1990. El Niño, la Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Acad. Press, San Diego. 293pp. *General review, in great part oriented toward modelization. Chapter on the particularity of the 1982-83 El Niño (begining at earliest in May 1982 in the Western Pacific and moves to the East) and the "teleconnections".

PIGOTT, J. D., and LAUGHLIN, J. E., 1988. Carbon dioxide budget of a modern tropical lagoon. In : Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1988, Townsville, Australia. 2, 569-575. *Discovery Bay, Jamaica, June 83. T up to 32°C. Diurnal pH variations=0.15 and 0.35, pCO2 record=1200ppm, because ground freshwater. Calcification and evasion well correlated but assumed inorganic precipitation, notwithstanding high dissolution.

PLATTNER, H., 1989. Regulation of membrane fusion during exocytosis. Int. Rev. Cytol., 119, 197-286. *Extensive review of the process of fusion and the numerosous biochemical compounds involved. Often increase of internal Ca, with many consequences, but not madatory nor sufficient.

PLIETH, C., TABRIZI, H., and HANSEN, U. P., 1994. Relationship between banding and photosynthetic activity in Chara corallina as studied by the spatially different induction curves of the chlorophyll fluorescence observed by an image analysis system. Physiol. Plantarum, 91, 205-211. *Natural pH effect by acid and alkaline induced zone of Chara by H+ pumps. Images of 0.25mm2 taken each 2s (allowing Fo Fm determination only). Strong differences after State I-II transition, after more than 20sec. Fall of Fv/Fm in alkaline, low CO2. Checked with tobacco with or without CO2.

PORTER, J. W., 1985. The maritime weather of Jamaica: its effect on coral productivity. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Cong. 6, 363-379. *June 1983-July 1984 data of light, wind, temperature, precipitation. Annual integration of M. annularis productivity.

PORTER, J. W., FITT, W. K., SPERO, H. J., ROGERS, C. S., and WHITE, M. W., 1989. Bleaching in reef corals: physiological and stable isotope responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 9342-9346. *Florida, 87 BL in late Aug. Montastrea annularis collected in Nov 87, 6m depth and Agaricia lamarcki (April 88, 31m), almost no mortality. Loss of Z (Ma 86%, Al 57%) and loss pigment per Z (Chlo a Ma 48%, Al 66%). Photosynthesis M.a. 17%, Al 74% (so photosynthesis per Chlo a increase by 2.5 and 5 in BL colonies ?!). Biomass reduction 39% and 73%. Stop calcification during 2 months (or reduction). ¶18O: 0.25-0.5°% lighter only in BL equals 0.5-1°C more. ¶13C: 1°% lighter in BL, less vital effect, lower growth ?. BL in tidal passage, and not 15m apart in more exposed offshore sea water. Two weeks at 30.2°C, BL started 5 days later (PC). BL in underside recessed cave, so not UV in this case.

PORTER, J. W., and MEIER, O. W., 1992. Quantification of loss and change in Floridian reef coral population. Am. Zool., 32, 625-640. *Surveys at 6 photostations and steel 84-91, haphazard video, also chains. 33-44% loss cover over 7 yr, 13-29% loss sp, mostly in 85-86, BL and Black Band disease. BL occasionally observed on photo. "Numerous protrubing growth on A. palmata".

POTTS, D. C., and SWART, P. K., 1984. Water temperature as an indicator of environmental variability on a coral reef. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29, 504-516. *Heron Island in 76-77. Up to 36-37°C with no reported mortality. Daily range ±5°C, 9°C in summer. Up to 10°C difference with open SW. Principal factors: tide, wind (also with evaporation). No influence of lagoonal water on the slope. Agitation (gypsum technique)Å crest 2-3, flat and slope 1.5-2, lagoon 1 (arbitrary scale).

POWLES, S. B., 1984. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol., 35, 15-44. *Good review, in particular on physiological data, but few one for aquatic plants. Interactions with (high) temperature and chilling, O2/CO2, herbicides.

PRAGER, E. J., 1991. Numerical simulation of circulation in a Caribbean-type backreef lagoon. Coral Reefs, 10, 177-182. *Modelization of tide+wind+wave influences. Circulation weak to non-existent without wind and waves, of course.

PRÉZELIN, B. B., 1976. The role of peridin-chlorophyll a proteins in the photosynthetic light adaptation of the dinoflagellate Glenodinium sp. Planta, 130, 225-233. *4 peridinin per chl a. Decrease PCP by 7 when ten time more light; constant xantophylls content so they increase from 15% to 30% of carotenoids.

PRÉZELIN, B. B., 1981. Light reactions in photosynthesis. In : PLATT, T., Physiological bases of phytoplankton ecology. 1-43. *Good review, especially for DCMU-induced fluorescence, somewhat a little old.

PRINS, H. B. A., and ELZENGA, J. M. T., 1989. Bicarbonate utilization: function and mechanism. Aquat. Bot., 34, 59-83. *Review.

QUINN, P. J., 1989. Principles of membrane stability and phase behavior under extreme conditions. J. Bioenerg. Biomemb., 21, 3-19. *Generalities, few examples. Phase changes with temperature (bilayer/non, bilayer/gel), destruction of selective permeability.

QUINN, T. M., TAYLOR, F. W., and CROWLEY, T. J., 1993. A 173 year stable isotope record from a tropical south Pacific coral. Quat. Sc. Rev., 12, 407-418. *Record 1806-1979 of 13C 18O of Platygyra from Vanuatu. No remarks on growth cessation band. Cool/dry ends abruptly in 1866, then warming, then 18O suggests cooling/drying from 1900 to 1979. ENSO bandwith (seems also QBO).

RAMANATHAN, V., and COLLINS, W., 1991. Thermodynamic regulation of oceanic warming by cirrus clouds deduced from observations of the 1987 El Niño. Nature, 351, 27-32. *Formation of reflective cirrus clouds may limit SST to 30°C.

RANDS, M. L., DOUGLAS, A. E., LOUGHMAN, B. C., and RATCLIFFE, R. G., 1992. Avoidance of hypoxia in a cnidarian symbiosis by algal photosynthetic oxygen. Bioll. Bull., 182, 159-162. *Weak control of internal pH by Amonia (7.4 in the light, 6 in the dark, mesured by 32P resonance). Commentary: well, during the day, waters are rich in O2, so never mind, and in night, hypoxia would be worse with symbionts.

RASMUSSON, E. M., WANG, X., and ROPELEWSKI, C. F., 1990. The biennal component of ENSO variability. J. Mar. Sc., 1, 71-96. *Rather quasi biennal (24-30 months). No clear data on the low frequency component characteristic. Teleconnections.

RAVEN, J. A., 1984. Energetics and transport in aquatic plants. Liss, New York. 587 pp. *Basic, full and high-quality review, from cyanobacteria to higher plants (only few notes on corals, p. 207, 331, 377) with many data on environments, photosynthesis, etc...Recommanded.

RAVEN, J. A., 1991. Implications of inorganic carbon utilization: ecology, evolution, and geochemistry. Can. J. Bot., 69, 908-924. *Taxinomic synthesis, relations with temperature, salinity, light, nutrient, size, agitation. Pointed that HCO3 uptake is billions years old (ah, he changed is mind since I wrote him !). Controversial opinion on coccolitophorids (data from non-calcifying ones are crazy). CO2 increase "is, and will increasingly be, an erosion of the competitive edge of the organisms with high CO2 affinity". Cnidarians pump carbon.

REAKA-KUDLA, M. L., FEINGOLD, J. S., and GLYNN, W., 1996. Experimental studies of rapid bioerosion of coral reefs in the Galápagos Island. Coral Reefs, 15, 101-107. *Following 1983 event.

REAKA-KUDLA, M. L., O'CONNEL, D. S., REGAN, J. D., and WICKLUND, R. I., 1993. Effects of temperature and UV-B on different components of coral reef communities from the Bahamas. In : Global aspects of Coral Reefs: health, hazards and history, 10-11 June 1993, Miami. V29-V34. *Speak about possible little increase UV in tropics. Experiment with A. prolifera, algae Microdictyon, invertebrates from Lee Stocking 1.5 m depth with 3x3 T 27°C (winter), 29°C (summer), 31°C (exist) and UV normal=2160, 2400, 2600 J/m2.day for 1 month. No effect on algae nor invertebrate. Acropora BL 77% at 31°C. Synergy with UV, +10% UV: BL 10, 23, 78%, +20% UV: BL 32, 50, 95% at the 3 T.

REED, J. K., 1981. In situ growth rates of the scleratinian coral Oculina varicosa occuring with zooxanthellae on 6-m reefs and without on 80-m banks. In : Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1981, Manilia. 201-206. *Bleaching when transplanted from 6m depth to 80m.

REES, T. A. V., FITT, W. K., and YELLOWLEES, D., 1992. The haemolymph and nutritional interactions in the giant clam symbiosis. In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., June 1992, Guam. Abstract. *Symbionts in diverticulum of digestive tract, with no connection with haemolymph.

REIMER, A. A., 1971. Observations on the relationships between several species of tropical zoanthids (Zoanthidea, Coelenterata) and their zooxanthellae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 7, 207-214. *In Palythoa sp., when continuous light, regular expulsion by the mouth of healthy Z in mesenterial filaments. Starved specimen expulse dividing Z. Also extrusion with high temperature (1°C more than culture ?) or high salinity (35°% instead of 33°% ?). No expulsion of Z by P. tuberculosa. BL of Zoanthus sp. when sudden 30°C during 2 days instead of 26.5°C, and extrusion continuous during three months.

REIMER, A. A., 1975. Effects of crude oil on corals. Mar. Poll. Bull., 6, 39-43. *Bleaching mostly within 5-13 days, especially on the under side, after 30 seconds exposure to pure marine diesel.

REISS, Z., and HOTTINGER, L., 1984. The Gulf of Aqaba. Ecological Studies 50. Springer-Verlag, 354 pp. *Synthesis. See aberrant shells of large foraminifers, but only in tidal pools with extreme temperature or salinity (p. 208).

REISSER, W., 1992. Basic mechanisms of signal exchange, recognition, specificity, and regulation in endosymbiotic systems. In : REISSER, W., Algae and symbioses: plants animals, fungin, viruses, interactions explored. Biopress Ldt., Bristol, 657-674. *Mainly on Paramecium and Hydra symbioses. Transformation of phagocytic vacuole into perialgal one and not into digestive one. "Zipper" model of recognition.

REX, A., MONTEBON, F., and YAP, H. T., 1995. Metabolic responses of the scleratinian coral Porites cylindrica Dana to water motion. I. Oxygen flux studies. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 186, 33-52. *Long term in situ and lab study. Corals from low water agitation more efficient under low agitation, i.e. strong adaptation.Many effects. Clear effect of agitation on photosynthesis, in a Michaelis-Menten like pattern, with "Km" at a diffusion factor around 3-4, as in unagitated aquarium.

REYES-BONILLA, H., 1993. 1987 coral reef bleaching at Cabo Pulmo reef, Gulf of California, Mexico. Bull. Mar. sc., 52, 832-837. *Last days of August 87 to November, BL 8-30%, Ý 5-20%, only Pocillopora only at tips. Healthy and BL colonies side by side. More at 3-5 m depth, to at least 40m depth. T about 1°C above normal (El Niño). Visibility decrease from 6 to 3m during BL.

REYNOLDS, R. W., FOLLAND, C. K., and PARKER, D. E., 1989. Biases in satellite-derived sea-surface-temperature data. Nature, 341, 728-731. *Critics of the article of Strong (1989), in part because of El Chichón aerosols.

RIEGL, B., 1995. Effects of sand deposition on scleractinian and alcyonacean corals. Mar. Biol., 121, 517-526. *Serious BL after 5 weeks on covered center of alcyonacean, with less chl.

RISK, M. J., and PEARCE, T. H., 1992. Interference imaging of daily growth band in massive corals. Nature, 358, 572-573. *At last a method for observing daily bands. One of the few corals of the west coast of Costa Rica surviving El Niño 1983 grew 22µm per day before the event, not enough precise during event (0-9µm), and 18µm after 1985.

RIVKIN, R. B., 1990. Photoaptation in marine phytoplankton: variations in ribulose 1,5-biphosphate activity. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 62, 61-72. *Rubisco well correlated with Pmax, 0.61 in labo, 0.74 in situ, also true for low light population.

ROBERTS, H. H., MURRAY, S. P., and SUHAYADA, 1975. Physical processes in a fringing reef system. J. Mar. Res., 33, 233-260. *Tides, waves and lagoon circulation. Advection by spurs and grooves structure.

ROBERTS, H. H., WILSON, P. A., and LUGO-FERNANDEZ, A., 1992. Biological and geological responses to physical processes: examples from modern reef systems of the Caribbean-Atlantic region. In : WOLANSKI, E., and CHOAT, H., Coral reef oceanography. Cont. Shelf Res., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 12, 809-834. *Review. Spurs and grooves, wave effects, atmospheric forcing, cold water sinking,...

ROBERTS, L., 1987. Coral bleaching threatens Atlantic reefs. Science, 238, 1228-1229. *News. Satellite observation of pockets of uncommonly hot water. Hypothesis of sinking of hot hypersaline water (Odgen). Erosion in Galapagos 2.5cm/y now (Glynn).

ROBERTS, L., 1988. Corals remain baffling. Science, 239, 256. *News. "Are all these events warning signs of something bigger that we are not aware of ?" asks Odgen.

ROBERTS, L., 1990. Warm waters, bleached corals. Science, 250, 213. *News.

ROBERTS, L., 1991. Greenhouse role in reef stress unproven. Science, 253, 258-259. *News. Possible role of elevated nutrients (R. Buddemeier).

ROBERTSON, J. E., and WATSON, A. J., 1992. Thermal skin effect of the surface ocean and its implications for CO2 uptake. Nature, 358, 738-740. *General data on skin effect.

ROBINSON, G., 1985. Influence of the 1982-83 El Niño on Galapagos marine life. In : ROBINSON, G., and DEL PINO, E. M., El Niño en las Islas Galàpagos : el evento de 1982-1983. Fundaciòn Charles Darwin para las Islas Galàpagos, Quito, Ecuador, 153-190. *BL begin in Jan. 83, recovery in Jan 84; downto 30m depth; associated with heavy rains. Pocillopora, Porites, Pavona clavus BL at 100%, P. gigantea, Psammocora stellata resistant. BL on upper face, less in shaded part (apart Pacifigorgia under boulders, in a surge channel). Some high recruitment (black coral). Relative foraging pressure increase by Eucidaris. Mortality of Tubastrea tagusensis, but not of similar (but uncolored) T. coccinea; and death of many other organisms.

ROEMMICH, D., 1992. Ocean warming and sea level rise along the southwest U.S. coast. Science, 257, 373-375. *0.8°C warming in the 100m in the past 42 years, corresponding to 0.9mm/year sea level rise, by variable other data in other regions. No trend between 1916 and 1950.

ROESSLER, M. A., 1971. Environmental changes associated with a Florida power plant. Mar. Poll. Bull., 2, 87-90. *Low or no stress on sponge-alcyonarian community (before installation of new nuclear reactors, cf. Thoraug).

ROGERS, C. S., 1979. The effect of shading on coral reef structure and function. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 41, 269-288. *BL of all Acropora, in part Diplopora, Montastrea in 3 weeks by in situ shading.

ROGERS, C. S., 1983. Sublethal and lethal effects of sediments applied to common Caribbean reef corals in the field. Mar. Poll. Bull., 14, 378-382. *BL in few days by covering or abrasion with 2-8 kg/m2 sediments loading.

ROGERS, C. S., 1985. Degradation of Caribbean and western Atlantic coral reefs and decline of associated fisheries. In : Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Cong., 1985, Tahiti. 491-496. *Synthesis on reef degradation. No bleaching signalized !

ROSELL, D., 1993. Effects of reproduction in Cliona viridis (Hadromerida) on zooxanthellae. Sci. Mar., 57, 405-413. *Bleaching when sexual reproduction or around budding in this NW Mediterranean sponge. Z increase their size then undergo lysis (last are chloroplasts).

RÖTTGER, R., 1972. Die Kultur von Heterostegina depressa (Foraminifera: Nummulitidae). Mar. Biol., 15, 150-159. *In which bleaching in darkness, at 21°C or at 32°C, some recovery after one month at 24°C.

RÖTTGER, R., and BERGER, W. H., 1972. Benthic Foraminifera : morphology and growth in clone cultures of Heterostegina depressa. Mar. Biol., 15, 89-94. *Paling and abnormalities after 8 months at 600 lux, not 300 lux, with overlapped chambers, incomplete septa, size irregularities, chamber breakage.

ROUGERIE, F., 1992. Le blanchissement des coraux en Polynésie. ORSTOM Actualités, 35, 6-12. *News. Society island, from Tahiti to Bora-Bora, spring 91, fast and simultaneous apparition 500km apart. BL first on reef front, than to 40m depth and lagoon. Some with bright "fluorescent" colors. BL at tips or periphery. ENSO. Temperature anomaly 1-1.5°C from 1980-1990; same as in 1983, but without cloud cover ? Also strong ENSO events before 1975; UV ?

ROUGERIE, F., SALVAT, B., and TARATA-COURAUD, M., 1992. La "mort blanche" des coraux. La Recherche, 23, 826-834. *Society Islands, April 91, upper front reef, then lagoons and offshore downto 60m. ENSO: 29.5°C in the upper 70m (+1.5°C than monthly mean) and higher insolation (no BL in Tuamotu with same temperature but higher nebulosity). BL 1-2 months after warming. Fluorescence. Hypothesis of reduced nutrients (from endo-upwelling); reduced biosynthesis of S-230 with temperature.

RÜTZLER, K., 1988. Mangrove sponge disease induced by cyanobacterial symbionts: failure of a primitive immune system ? Dis. Aquat. Org., 5, 143-149. *Belize, 1985. Sponge Geodia "yellow decay" by proliferation of Aphanocapsa-like symbionts. Histolysis of host, expulsion in "pseudogemmules". Toxic ?. Relation with warming ?

RÜTZLER, K., 1990. Associations between Caribbean sponges and photosynthetic organisms. In : RÜTZLER, K., New perspectives in sponge biology. From 3th Int. Conf. Biol. Sponges, Woods Hole, Mass., USA, 17-23 Nov. 1985. Wash., 455-471. *Synthesis with emphasize on Belize and Bermudan sponge ultrastructure, associated with cyanobacteria, filamentous algae, Z, ostreobium, Jania.

SAKS, N. M., 1981. Growth, productivity and excretion of Chlorella spp. endosymbionts from the Red Sea : Implications for host Foraminifera. Bot. Mar., 24, 445-449. *Chlorella symbionts of Amphistegina lessonii and Amphisorus heimprichii are viable from 15°C-37°C, with optimum at 28.5°C whereas max T in Aqaba is 27.3°C, so isolated symbionts are not sensitive to bleaching temperature.

SALIH, A., HOEGH-GULDBERG, O., and COX, G., 1996. Degradation of zooxanthellae chloroplasts in Pocillopora damicornis at the onset of temperature induced bleaching. In : 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp. June 1996, Panama. Abstract. 173. *Confocal microscopy on corals exposed to 32°C. Chloroplast were the most affected, with reduced fluorescence, disruption of thylakoids. Very important.

SALVAT, B., 1992. Blanchissement et mortalité des sclératiniaires sur les récifs de Moorea (archipel de la Société) en 1991. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, ser. III, 314, 105-111. *March 91. Outer slope: 60% BL, 10% dead fourth months later. Acropora (100% BL, 25% dead)>Pocillopora (35% BL, 10% dead but immediate)>Montipora. No partial mortality. More than in 83 (low tide), March-April 84, 87. Some pink, yellow, blue fluorescent BL corals. T anomaly 0.5-1°C (>29°C), calm weather, low rainfall.

SANDEMAN, I. M., 1988. Coral bleaching at Discovery Bay, Jamaica: a possible mechanism for temperature-related bleaching. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 46-48. *Aug. 87, continuous at least till Nov. Paly, Millepora c., Siderastrea radians, M. annularis>P. porites; and P. furcata, Acropora palmata, Millepora>Diplora, Siderastrea s., P. asteroides. Shallow M. a., BL in ridges or valley, top or side of pillars; some with 2cm ring at edge. Deeper ones only at top. P. porites upper faces, P. furcata tips. FIZ viable at 35°C. FIZ of Ap (little less BL sensible) with constant Pmax 20°C to 35°C, strong photoinhibition with light, O2 inhibition (3 time reduction ??? of photosynthesis with 90% to 120% O2 saturation at 25°C, saturation light); FIZ of P. porites with increase Pmax with T, less photoinhibition and O2 Warburg effect. Hypothesis of oxygen toxicity when weaker feedbacks.

SANDEMAN, I. M., 1989. The ultraviolet light-related physiology of zooxhanthelllae and coral bleaching. Proc. Assoc. Is. Mar. Labs. Carib., 22, 6.

SCELFO, G., 1986. Relationship between solar radiation and pigmentation of the coral Montipora verrucosa and its zooxanthellae. Coral reef population biology. Hawaii Inst. Mar. Biol., Tech. Rept., 37, 440-451. *Experiments with high/ low light with/without UV. Bleaching and death transplant from 10 m depth to aquaria at full light, UV, in 2 days, without UV in 3 weeks, not those from 3m. Very great increase of S320 in less than 4 days, either with or without UV.

SCHICK, J. M., and DYKENS, J. A., 1985. Oxygen detoxification in algal-invertebrate symbioses from the great Barrier Reef. Oecologia, 66, 33-41. *General correlation SOD/Chlo (thought only r2=0.2 for Cnidarian), and CAT/SOD (from 1 to 3, exept 10 for sponges). SOD in Tridacna also correlated with radical O production multiplied by respiration. Maximum 175% O2 saturation in Tridacna blood.

SCHICK, J. M., LESSER, M., and STOCHAJ, W. R., 1991. Ultraviolet radiation and photooxidative stress in zooxanthellate Anthozoa: the sea anemone Pyllodiscus semoni and the octocoral Clavularia sp. Symbiosis, 10, 145-173. *"Shade" Clavularia and "sun" Phyllodiscus during 5 months with ± UV. Variable increase in S320 (slow in shade sp., change in mycosporine from host to Z in sun sp.); Same Z number, lower Chlo (50%) and Chlo a/c2 (2 -> 1.1) in sun sp. only; photosynthesis - 50% in shade (unfonctional PSII ?) but >75% in sun one (shelf-shading ?); less host SOD in shade; no photoinhibition at hight light; twice more respiration in FIZ of sun sp. Conclusion: interspecific difference in UV responses.

SCHLICHTER, D., and FRICKE, H. W., 1990. Coral host improves photosynthesis of endosymbiotic algae. Naturwiss., 77, 447-450. *Idem as next.

SCHLICHTER, D., FRICKE, H. W., and WEBER, W., 1986. Light harvesting by wavelength transformation in a symbiotic coral of the Red Sea twilight zone. Mar. Biol., 91, 403-407. *Particular example of UV use for photosythesis by fluorescence.

SCHLUESSEL, P., EMERY, W. J., GRASSI, H., and MAMMEN, T., 1990. On the bulk-skin temperature difference and its impact on satellite remote sensing of sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 95/C8, 13341-13356. *Full analysis. Difference in the -1,+1°C range.

SCHMALZ, R. F., and SWANSON, F. J., 1969. Diurnal variations in the carbonate saturation of seawater. J. Sed. Petr., 39, 255-267. *In situ diurnal ÆpH about 0.15. Equilibrium with sediments at dawn on the beach. Tanks with calcareous algae with higher diurnal variation and long term acidification. ÆpCO2 with atmosphere about 80ppm, but error in calculation (atm=250ppm fig.3).

SCHONWALD, H., ACHITUV, Y., and DUBINSKY, Z., 1987. Differences in the symbiotic interrelation in dark and light coloured colonies of the hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma. Symbosis, 4, 171-184. *Dark colonies with x2.5 Z/cm2, x1.5 Chlo/Z, but same Pmax, higher Km. 30% less carotenoid. No difference in grana/stroma ratio. CO2 limitation in dark colonies ?

SCHREIBER, U., and BERRY, J. A., 1977. Heat-induced changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in intact leaves correlated with damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. Planta, 136, 233-238. *First land plant fluorescence-temperature curves, reproductible, with critic temperature of 41°C-49°C, corresponding to heat damage to thylakoid and plant resistance.

SEATON, G. G. R., and WALKER, D. A., 1990. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a measure of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., 242, 29-35. *Now classical. Curvilinear inverse relationship between the two.

SEBENS, K. P., and JOHNSON, A. S., 1991. Effects of water movement on prey capture and distribution of reef corals. Hydrobiologia, 216/217, 247-248. *Synopsis.

SHASHAR, N., COHEN, Y., and LOYA, Y., 1993. Extreme diel fluctuation of oxygen in diffusive boundary layers surrounding stony corals. Biol. Bull., 185, 455-461. *Oxygen microelectrode. Diffusive boundary layer (defined as 10% change from medium) 1.5 to 4 mm in massive (Favia, Porites) and branching (Stylophora, 3mm) corals. Reduction of Å one third when 5cm/s current. 373% to 0% O2 saturation ! (theoritical pH 7.81-9.28; with calcification=photosynthesis in light pH=8.7, stay at 8.31 for 200% O2).

SHICK, J. M., 1990. Diffusion limitation and hyperoxic enhancement of oxygen consumption in zooxanthellate sea anemones, zoanthids, and corals. Biol. Bull., 179, 148-158. *Oxygen consumption change from -11% (Protopalythoa) to 46% (Palythoa tuberculosa) with 50% O2 in dark during 4 hours, in part probably function of the morphology due to boundary layer effect. Cytochrome c decrease from aposymbiotic, apo+O2, to zooxanthellate anemone (but for the latter, more with bright light than dim condition, maybe retraction). => O2 enhances dark aerobic respiration; suggestion of diffusion limitation.

SHICK, J. M., 1991. A functional biology of sea anemones. Chapman and Hall. 395pp., *Synthesis on previous data, in particular on O2, UV and diffusion.

SHICK, J. M., and DYKENS, J. A., 1984. Photobiology of the symbiotic sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima: photosynthesis, respiration, and behavior under intertidal conditions. Biol. Bull., 166, 608-619. *Symbiotic ones with x3.5 S320. Contractions decrease photosynthesis by more than half. Contraction with light, less with UV-blocked, DCMU. Aposymbiotic ones also less contraction when UV-blocked.

SHICK, J. M., LESSER, M. P., DUNLAP, D. C., STOCHAJ, W. R., CHALKER, B. E., and WU WON, J., 1995. Depth-dependent responses to solar ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress in the zooxanthellate coral Acropora microphtalma. Mar. Biol., 122, 41-51. *Inhibition of O2 photosynthesis of transplants from 20m and 30m to 1m depth with UV unshield (30-38%), not from 2 and 10m (3 days measure). Freshly isolated Z inhibited at ±400µE, slightly more when UV. Decrease MAA, host SOD, Z SOD, CAT, ascorbase with depth.

SHIMADA, M., AKAGI, N., NAKAI, Y., GOTO, H., WATANABE, M., WATANABE, H., NAKANISHI, M., YOSHIMATSU, S., and ONO, C., 1991. Free radical production by the red tide alga Chattonella antiqua. Histochem. J., 23, 361-365.

SHINN, E. A., 1966. Coral growth-rate, an environmental indicator. J. Paleontol., 40, 233-241. *Growth rate of Acropora in Key Largo, Florida. Min-max in situ thermometers Fev 61-Fev 62. Maximum growth rate at 28-30°C, with in situ record of 30.5°C. Inshore transplants: 2 months with max T 32.2°C, then slower growth (max T 33.8°C), BL upper face and then whole colonies. Slower growth one month at least before BL.

SHINN, E. A., 1989. What is really killing the corals. Sea frontiers, March-Avril, 72-81. *News. Boat, storm, fish, oil, mud, "shot in the back", pollution, cold, disease, algal overgrowth, temperature. Corals survived 0.8km apart from Enewetak H bomb.

SHIRAIWA, Y., and MIYACHI, S., 1985. Effects of temperature and CO2 concentration on induction of carbonic anhydrase and changes in efficiency of photosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris 11h. Plant. Cell Physiol., 26, 543-549. *Induction of CO2 concentration mechanism by transfer from high to low CO2 condition is accelerated by increase temperature up to 37-40°C.

SIEBECK, O., 1981. Photoreactivation and depth-dependant UV tolerance in reef coral in the Great Barrier Reef/Australia. Naturwissenschaft., 68, 426-428. *UV exposure from 2 to 42 W/cm2 of Turbenaria, Platygyra, Favia. No BL. Dose/effect law of log type. Shallow one more resistant. Quite better resistance with subsequent exposure to (blue) light. Lethal dose higher with simultaneous application of UV and light than in succession.

SIEBECK, O., 1988. Experimental investigation of UV tolerance in hermatypic corals (Scleratinia). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 43, 95-103. *On Goniastrea, Favia, Platygyra, Coeloseris. UV provoke first extrusion of mesenterial filaments. LD50 in 280-380nm range: 100-250kJ/m2. Shallow corals more resistant. Resistance 5 time greater if exposed to light (best at 450nm) during recovery period, as in crustacean Daphnia. Unirradiated neighbours react with high DOC release, particularly if different species.

SIEFERMANN-HARMS, D., 1985. Carotenoids in photosynthesis. I. Location in photosynthetic membranes and light harvesting function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 811, 325-355. *Review.

SIEFERMANN-HARMS, D., 1987. The light harvesting and protective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes. Physiol. Plant., 69, 561-568. *Review.

SMITH, B. M., MORISSEY, P. J., GUENTHER, J. E., NEMSON, J. A., HARRISON, M. A., ALLEN, J. F., and MELIS, A., 1990. Response of the photosynthetic apparatus in Dunaliella salina (green algae) to irradiance stress. Plant Physiol., 93, 1433-1440. *Standart model of D1 degradation and PSII alpha ->ß ->gamma. Data on chlo a/b, carotenoids, pheophytin. Nota: 3% CO2 reverse photoinhibition (prelim. results).

SMITH, F. A., and WALKER, N. A., 1980. Photosynthesis by aquatic plants: effects of unstirred layers in relation to assimilation of CO2 and HCO3- and to carbon isotopic discrimination. New Phytol., 86, 245-279. *The best short synthetic article on the subject. Hill-Whittingham equation. Good generalities on C fractionation but not very usefull for calculation.

SMITH, J. C., and PLATT, T., 1985. Temperature responses of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and photosynthetic capacity in artic and tropical phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 25, 31-37. *Lower response of Rubisco to a change of temperature for tropical than artic phytoplankton (contrary to most enzymes).

SMITH, S. V., 1974. Coral reef carbon dioxide flux. In : Proc 2nd Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1974, Brisbane. 77-85. *Carbon bilan of Eniwetok and Fanning atolls. Corg bilan=0; CaCO3ÅCO2 evasion; "reefs closely tied to carbon dioxide". ÆCO2 sea-air less than 100µatm.

SMITH, S. V., 1978. Coral-reef area and the contributions of reefs to processes and ressources of the world's oceans. Nature, 273, 225-226. *6x10e5 km2, 6x10e12 mol CaCO3/year precipitation.

SMITH, S. V., and ATKINSON, M. J., 1983. Mass balance of carbon and phosphorus in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Limnol. Oceanogr., 28, 625-639. *pH and pCO2 keep constant with evaporation, organic and lime carbon production. Alcalinity up to 3000µM. Stromatolithes.

SMITH, S. V., and BUDDEMEIER, R. W., 1992. Global change and coral reef ecosystem. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 23, 89-118. *Review. Chapters on warming, UV, CO2. "Reef ecosystem is unlikely to be extirpated on a global basis". Sure ?

SMITH, S. V., and JOKIEL, P. L., 1978. Water composition and biogeochemical gradients in the Canton atoll lagoon. Atoll Res. Bull., 221, 15-53. *Lagoon water with 95 day residence time and increase 4°%S. N/P use=8.5. Calcification=14mM/m2.day, net Corg=3, gross Corg (very indirect calculation)=500. Mean pCO2=345ppm (atmosphere=326ppm). Constant sursaturation as evaporation is balanced by calcification. Water motion favors the growth of corals.

SMITH, S. V., and PESRET, F., 1974. Processes of carbon dioxide flux in the Fanning island lagoon. Pac. Sc., 28, 225-245. *Net org production near zero, low calcification rate (1kg/ m2.y). Limitation by CO2 ?

SMITH, S. V., SCHNEIDER, R. C., and TRIBBLE, G. W., 1985. Carbon isotopic balance in coral reef ecosystems. In : Proc 5th Int. Reef Cong., Tahiti. 3, 445-450. *13C value of organic carbon and lime, Hawaii, Fanning and Christmas atolls. Corg of sediment about -15°%, organisms between -5 and -21%, corals with -11 to -15°%. Sediment CaCO3 from -1 to 2°%, thus dominated (Å2/3) by foraminifera and Halimeda.

SMITH, V. J., 1992. Phenoloxidase activity in healthy and bleached Caribbean corals and other invertebrates. In : Proc 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., June 1992, Guam. Abstract.

SOURNIA, A., DELESALLE, B., and RICARD, M., 1981. Premiers bilans de production organique et de calcification d'un récif barrière de la Polynésie française. Oceanol. Acta, 4, 423-431. *High organic production and respiration, low calcification. Reef in degradation phase ?

SPEATA, C., HIDEG, E., and VASS, I., 1997. Low pH accelerates light-induced damage of photosystem II by enhancing the probability of the donor-side mechanism of photoinhibition. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1318, 175-183. *Short article. In isolated spinach thylakoid. Suspected to be active in vivo.

SPERO, H. J., 1987. Symbiosis in the planktonic foraminifer Orbulina universa, and the isolation of its symbiotic dinoflagellate, Gymnodinium béii sp. nov. J. Phycol., 23, 307-317. *With aposymbiosis with 10µM DCMU for 3 days. At 30°C, symbiont culture density did not increase and after 2-3 days, no motile cells could be detected.

SQUIRES, D. F., 1962. Corals at the mouth of the Rewa river, Viti Levu, Fiji. Nature, 195, 361-362. *BL with turbid fresh flow.

SRIVASTAVA, A., and STRASSER, R. J., 1995. How do land plants respond to stress temperature and stress light ? Arch. Sci. Genève, 48, 135-146. *Fast kinetic fluorescence. Low light or mild T protect from further high T, as for diurnal cycle. No such mechanism in unicellular algae (Clorella, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus).

STAMBLER, N., POPPER, N., DUBINSKY, Z., and STIMSON, J., 1991. Effects of nutrient enrichment and water motion on the coral Pocillopora damicornis. Pac. Science, 45, 299-307. *N or N+P increase algal density but decrease growth rate. No clear effect of water motion (about one third more growth rate in stirred conditions in unenriched 44 days treatments).

STEELE, D. R., 1975. Stages in the life history of a symbiotic zooxanthella in pellets extruded by its host Aiptasia tagetes (Duch and Mich.) (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Biol. Bull., 149, 590-600. *Regular extrusion of healthy Z in pellets, in various life stage: immature, mature or degenerate cysts - with large accumulation body, numerosous and greater cytoplasmic inclusions, and reduced chloroplast size -, zoosporangia, motile zoospore.

STEELE, R. D., 1977. The significance of zooxanthella-containing pellets extruded by sea anemones. Bull. Mar. Sc., 27, 591-593. *Pellets normally released contain Z in various stages of life, including zoospore.

STEEN, R. G., 1986. Evidence for heterotrophy by zooxanthellae in symbiosis with Aiptasia pulchella. Biol. Bull., 170, 267-278. *Apparently residual heterotrophic population of Z in anemones maintened 4 years in dark ? Aposymbiosis by cold shock. Reverse translocation.

STEEN, R. G., and MUSCATINE, L., 1987. Low temperature evokes rapid exocytosis of symbiotic algae by a sea anemone. Biol. Bull., 172, 246-263. *Aiptasia. 98% BL in 4 days after 4°C during 4h. 60% BL with 10 days in darkness. Mitotic index increase !. Thickening of external membrane, "pellicle" (like CZ ?).

STEMLER, A., 1989. Abscence of a formate-induced release of bicarbonate from photosystem II. Plant Physiol., 91, 287-290 *HCO3- requirement of PS II (Km 80µM). Vast litterature on the subject; maybe HCO3- needed between Qa and Qb, perhaps indirect.

STIMSON, J., and KINZIE, R. A., 1991. The temporal pattern and rate of release of zooxanthellae from the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) under nitrogen-enrichment and control conditions. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 153, 63-74. *Z release is maximum at noon (one order of magnitude greater). Release 1%/day in control, 0.5%/day in N-rich.

STODDART, D. R., and WALSH, R. P. D., 1992. Environmental variability and environmental extremes as factors in the island ecosystems. Atoll Res. Bull., 356, 1-71. *Climatic periodicity, with "strinking change". 58-89 in West Indies, very dry; 40-present in Pac., intermediate; 69-89 in Indian, less wet => seemingly no relationship with BL. No clear evidence of water cycle change in rain data.

STOLARSKI, R., BOJKOV, R., BISHOP, L., ZEREFOS, C., STAEHELIN, J., and ZAVODNY, J., 1992. Measured trends in stratospheric ozone. Science, 256, 342-349. *Review on O3 and UV. No O3 depletion over tropical areas.

STRASSER, B. J., and STRASSER, R. J., 1995. Measuring fast fluorescence transients to address environemental questions: the JIP-test. In : MATHIS P., Photosynthesis: from light to biosphere. Kluwer Acad. Pub., 5, 977-980, *Introduction to fast fluorescence.

STRASSER, R. J., EGGENBERG, P., PFISTER, K., and GOVINDJEE, 1992. An equilibrium model for electron transfer in photosystem II acceptor complex: an application to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells of D1 mutants and those treated with formate. Archs Sci. Genève, 45, 207-224. *A somewhat specialized article. Fluorescence decay from QaQb in mutant, effect of HCO3-, DCMU.

STRASSER, R. J., SRIVASTAVA, A., and GOVINDJEE, 1995. Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence transient in plants and cyanobacteria. Photochem. Photobiol., 61, 32-42. *Fundamental and theory of fast kinetic fluorescence rise on microsecond to second time scale, with historical background and pedagogic examples (pea, camelia, cyanobacteria).

STRASSER, R. J.,TSIMILLI-MICHAEL, M., and PECHEUX, M., in press. Vitality and stress adaptation of the symbionts of coral reef and temperate foraminifers probed by fast fluorescence kinetics. 6p. In : Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp., June 1996, Panama.

STRONG, A. E., 1989a. Greater global warming revealed by satellite-derived sea-surface temperature trends. Nature, 338, 642-645. *False results, cf. Strong, 1989b.

STRONG, A. E., 1989b. Satellite data contamination. Nature, 341, 695.

STRONG, A. E., and McCORNACK, E. R., 1991. Coral bleaching and sea surface temperatures. In : Abstract, 2nd Sci. Meet., Oceanogr. Soc., 24-28 March 1991, St Petersburg, Florida, USA. 23. *Short abstract, no data.

SUHARSONO, and BROWN, B. E., 1992. Comparative measurements of mitotic index in zooxanthellae from a symbiotic cnidarian subject to temperature increase. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 158, 179-188. *Temperate Anemonia viridis, 6 days from 16°C to 24°C. Expulsed Z are viable and dividing (Gates, Ph.D) 5-6 time more (Zamani, Ph.D). Mitotic index of expulsed+inside ±5-6%, inside only ±1-2% (half zooxanthellae released per day ??). Slightly higher division inside tentacules with temperature (or decrease with time in controls ?). Release from mesenterial only during 3 days.

SUHARSONO, PIPE, R. K., and BROWN, B. E., 1993. Cellular and ultrastructural changes in the endoderm of the temperate sea anemone Anemonia viridis as a result of increased temperature. Mar. Biol., 116, 311-318. *Temperate A.v. 16°C 70µE/m2.s. Aposymbiose with 100µM DCMU for 2 months. Schock 16°C->26°C for 6 days, paling. More primary and secondary lysosomes associated with membranes in heat shocked. More lipid in mesenterial, both in symb. and aposymb. anemone. Space around Z associated with algal membrane. Equivocal evidence of Z digestion, large number of degenerate Z.

SÜLTEMEYER, D. F., MILLER, A. G., ESPIE, G. S., FOCK, H. P., and CANVIN, D. T., 1989. Active CO2 transport by the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol., 89, 1213-1219. *Pumping of HCO3- about 4 time as pumping "CO2". Localization unknow. Some external carbonic anhydrase. Very high photoinhibition at CO2 compensation point (non-photochemical quenching qE 75%, little change of qQ). Carbonic anhydrase measurement by CO2 isotope exchange.

SÜLTEMEYER, D.F., SCHMIDT, C., and FOCK, H. P., 1993. Carbonic anhydrases in higher plants and aquatic microorganisms. Physiol. Plantarum, 88, 179-190. *Good review.

SUNDBY, C., 1990. Bicarbonate effects on photo-inhibition including an explanation for the sensitivity to photo-inhibition under anaerobic conditions. FEBS, 274, 77-81. *Perhaps a very important work (on isolated thylakoid menbranes). a) bicarbonate (20mM) protects very efficiently against photoinhibition (90% functional PSII after 30 minutes instead of 30%). But with formate also. Role of bicarbonate for protonation at QaQb site, perhaps also at the second HCO3 binding site, i.e. the H2O spliting site. b) "anaerobiose" effect on photoinhibition is probably HCO3 depletion (as in all experiments, N2 flushing is used !).

SUNDBY, C., MELIS, A., MÄENPÄÄ, P., and ANDERSSON, B., 1986. Temperature-dependant changes in the antenna size of photosystem II. Reversible conversion of photosystem IIa to photosystem IIß. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 851, 475-483. *In isolated thylakoids grown at 20°C, dramatic increase of %PSIIß when heated 1min at 35°C, with LHC II functional detachment; but no change in electron transport.

SUSS, K. H., and YORDANOV, I. T., 1986. Biosynthetic cause of in vivo acquired thermotolerance of photosynthetic light reactions and metabolic responses of chloroplasts to heat stress. Plant. Physiol., 81, 192-199. *Recent example of tolerance to heat stress (5 hours at 37°C or more) correlated with lipid-saturation thylakoid membrane composition (to conserve proton permeability ?), and induced by heat-shock proteins. No change of D1 protein.

SVOBODA, A., 1978. In situ monitoring of oxygen production and respiration in Cnidaria with and without zooxanthellae. In : MCLUSKY, D. S., and BERRY, A. J., Physiology and behaviour of marine organisms. Proc. 12th Europ. Symp. on Mar. Biol., Stirling, Scotland, Sept. 1977. Pergamon, 75-82. *No raw data. Up to 18mgO2/l ? possible O2 inhibition effect. Greater respiration rate in early night. Closed xeniids stop their O2 production. Palythoa with low P/R.

SZMANT, A. M., and GASSMAN, N. J., 1990. The effects of prolonged "bleaching" on the tissue biomass and reproduction of the reef coral Montastrea annularis. Coral Reefs, 8, 217-224. *Florida, 87. Normal ±2.10^6 Z/cm2, ±4µg Chl a/10^6 Z; two BL colonies ±0.5, ±4. One BL ±4, 0.5 (one year after). Z refugied in base of polype (and mesenterial filaments) with abnormal empty appearence, pyrenoids and assimilation bodies still visible (apart few in the oral disk of n°67 colony). 30-50% less tissue per surface, same C:N ratio. No reproduction. Recovery after one year, maybe two.

TALGE, H. K., and HALLOCK, P., 1993. Observations of symbiont loss in benthic foraminifera. J. Scan. Microscop., Supp. III, 86-88. *Abscence of symbionts in pore vaults, lysosomes surrounding deteriorating symbionts, extensive vacuolization of cytoplasm.

TALGE, H. K., WILLIAMS, D. E., HALLOCK, P., and HARNEY, J. N., in press. Symbiont loss in reef Foraminifera : consequences for affected populations. In : Proc. 8th Int. Coral Reef Symp., June 1996, Panama. 6p. *Following monitoring of Amphistegina in Florida till March 1996. Bleaching continuous since 1991, peak in summers, 20-80%, decrease since 1992 20-50% but greater variability. Low densities. Test damages 7-50%, more in shallow, no decrease (1984 background 6%). Very low sexual reproduction, often asexual from small specimens giving damaged offsprings. Described as a disease rather than bleaching because related to insolation rather than temperture. Caused by "solar radiation" (what if not UV ??). Symbiont loss observed also Jan. 1995 West Australia, May 1996 Honduras.

TAYLOR, D. L., 1968. In situ studies on the cytochemistry and ultrastructure of a symbiotic marine dinoflagellate. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 48, 349-366. *Hypothesis of accumulation body to only one daughter, thus expulsed at end. Anemonia sulcata. Exists always degenerated Z in mesenteries. "Viable Z have never been found among excrete material".

TAYLOR, D. L., 1969. On the regulation and maintenance of algal numbers in zooxanthellae-coelenterate symbiosis, with a note on the nutritional relationship in Anemonia sulcata. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K., 49, 1057-1065. *Effect of starvation and/or darkness up to 5 months. No complete bleaching. Exist normally degenerated Z transported to mesenteries by amoeboid cells. Less Z in darkness, starved.

TE STAKE, D., JAAP, W. C., TRUBY, E., and REESE, R., 1988. Fungal filaments in Millepora complanata Lamarck, 1816 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) after mass expulsion of zooxanthellae. Florida Scientist, 51, 184-188. *BL in Florida, Sept 83. Shallow spur and groove, particularly <3m, downto 12m. BL Millepora 75%, mortality 10%. Massive invasion of fungal hyphae only in M. complanata, not in Acropora nor Palythoa.

TELFER, A., DE LAS RIVAS, J., and BARBER, J., 1991. Beta-carotene within the isolated photosystem II reaction center: photooxidation and irreversible bleaching of this chromophore by oxidised P680. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1060, 106-114. *Less photobleaching of P680 (by triplet state to singlet oxygen formation) under anaerobie. Half of beta-carotene rapidly bleached, other half slower, probably by direct electron transfert from P680. Oxygen compete with cytochrome b559 electron cycling for rereducing P680+, so increase P680+ lifetime, so allows beta-car oxidation to occur. Chl 670 bleaching under anaerobie.

THOMPSON, R. O. R., and GOLDING, T. J., 1981. Tidally induced "upwelling" by the Great Barrier Reef. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6517-6521. *Model and observations on a bottom layer water in outer slope, pomped from below thermocline or from lagoon by tidal flows.

THORHAUG, A., SGAR, D., and ROESSLER, M. A., 1973. Impact of a power plant on a subtropical estuarine environment. Mar. Poll. Bull., 4, 166-169. *Biscayne Bay, Florida, census during 4 years. 13 species of coelenterates, optimum 26°C, 50% species loss at 30°C, 75% at 32°C. More sensible to high temperature than fishes, echinoderms and porifers, of about 1-2°C.

TITLYANOV, E. A., 1981. Adaptation of reef-building corals to low light intensity. In : Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1981, Manilia. 2, 39-42. *Increase of peridinin/Chlo a, decrease ßcaroten/Chlo a, and generally of diadino+diatoxanthin/Chlo a Diadino+diatoxanthin/Chlo = 6% to 14% (once 34%).

TITLYANOV, E. A., BUTORIN, P. V., LELETKIN, V. A., and LE NGUYEN THIEU, 1991. Diurnal changes in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus of zooxanthellae and respiratory intensity of mass species of corals of Vietnam. Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 17, 172-179. *Mid-day depresssion up to 50%. Daily adaptation and potential photosynthesis and respiration maximum (+50%) at noon. Variation of chlo, ßcaroten and xanthophylls around 50%.

TITLYANOV, E. A., ZVALINSKII, V. I., SHAPOSHNIKOVA, M. G., and LELETIN, V. A., 1982. Some adaptation mechanisms of coral-reef formations of Australia to light intensity. Soviet J. Mar. Biol., 7, 93-102. *With bright light, decrease symbiont size, chlorophyll, peridinin. Increase ßcaroten/chla 1.4->3.3%, diato+diadinoxanthin/chla 7->13%.

TOLBERT, N. E., and GAREY, W., 1976. Apparent total CO2 equilibrium point in marine algae during photosynthesis in sea water. Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 3, 69-72. *Bleaching of algae in CO2-free seawater about 5 days; Halimeda more resistant. Compensation point at 40-160µM·C.

TRENCH, R. K., 1971a. The physiology and biochemistry of zooxanthellae symbiotic with marines coelenterates. I. The assimilation of photosynthetic products of zooxanthellae by two marine coelenterates. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B., 177, 225-235. *Symbionts of Palythoa townsleyi in the epidermis and endoderm cells near mesogloeal cavities (Trench, 1969, pHD).

TRENCH, R. K., 1971b. The physiology and biochemistry of zooxanthellae symbiotic with marine coelenterates. III. The effects of homogenates of host tissue on the excretion of photosynthetic products in vitro by zooxanthellae from two marine coelenterates. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, 177, 251-264. *Change pattern of release organic compounds in hours after symbionts isolation, notably deseappearence of glycolate (fig. 4-7) (photorespiration).

TRENCH, R. K., 1974. Nutritional potentials in Zoanthus sociathus (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). Helgoländer Wiss. Meerunters., 26, 174-216. *Exocytosis from gastrodermal, then phagocytosis in mesenterial zone and expulsion. No wandering cells. Z degeneration description. Never acid phosphatase even with degenerated Z. Bleaching with osmotic shock.

TRENCH, R. K., and C. R. FISHER, 1983. Carbon dioxide fixation in Symbiodinium microadriaticum: problems with mechanisms and pathways. Endocytobiology. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Vol. III. 659-673. *Synthesis on photorespiration in isolated Z, data often contradictory.

TRENCH, R. K., WETHEY, D. S., and PORTER, J. W., 1981. Observations on the symbiosis with zooxanthellae among the Tridacnidae (Mollusca, Bilvavia). Biol. Bull., 161, 180-198. *Defecation of healthy (and degenerated) symbionts.

TSANG, E. W. T., BOWLER, C., HÉROUART, D., CAMP, V. W., VILLARROEL, R., GENETELLO, C., MONTAGU, V. M., and INZÉ, D., 1991. Differential regulation of superoxide dismutases in plants exposed to environmental stress. Plant Cell, 3, 783-789. *Nicotiana at 5000 lux and 4°C or 37°C. At 37°C, mitochondrial and cystosolic Mn- Cu/Zn-SOD increase but not the chloroplastic Fe-SOD (the reverse at 4°C); theory that heat shock=oxidative stress. DCMU reduces oxygen damage, paraquat increases it.

TSUCHIYA, M., YANAGIYA, K., and NISHIHIRA, M., 1987. Mass mortality of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (Blainvile) caused by high water temperature on the reef flats in Okinawa, Japan. Galaxea, 6, 375-385. *June 1986, up to 40.3°C on reef flat because of clear weather, daytime spring tides and calm sea conditions. Mortality of urchins and mollusks. Bleaching and death of coral (Goniastrea aspera). Some corals with only landward half dead.

TUDHOPE, A. W., and SCOFFIN, T. P., 1988. The relative importance of benthic foraminiferans in the production of carbonate sediment on the central Queensland shelf. In : Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Cong., 1988, Townsville, Australia. 2, 583-588.

TUDHOPE, A. W., ALLISON, N., LE TISSIER, M. D. A., and SCOFFIN, T. P., 1992. Growth characteristics and susceptibility to bleaching in massive Porites corals, South Thailand. In : Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1992, Guam. 64-69. *Bleaching in early June-July 1991, with high T (31°C), half branching, some massive. Generally greatest on upward face but few opposite pattern. No relation with depth. Some mortality or partial recovery in July. Extremely limited calcification, albeit still (sure ?) in BL seen with Alizarine staining 3 weeks before. No relation between BL and previous growth rate. Thin walled, fused tridents Porites sub-group did not bleached.

TYTLER, E. M., and TRENCH, R. K., 1986. Activities of enzymes in ß-carboxylation reactions and of catalase in cell-free preparations from the symbiotic dinoflagellates Symbiodinium spp. from a coral, a clam, a zoanthid and two sea anemones. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 228, 483-492. *Some enzymes of the C4 "CO2 concentrating mechanism" present in cultivated symbionts, particularly of Montipora verrucosa, and of Palythoa. 45%-67% CAT in freshly isolated than in cultived symbionts.

UNESCO, 1981. Tenth report of the joint panel on oceanographic tables and standards. UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sc., 36 *State equation of seawater density with temperature, salinity and depth.

UNESCO, 1987. Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in seawater. UNESCO Tech. Pap. Mar. Sc., 51, 1-55. *Best standart equations for carbonate system. It lacks a) water dissociation (Dickson and Riley, 1979); b) the relation between NBS pH (generally measured) and the Hansson pH (used in the equations) of Culbertson [Hansson pH=NBS pH+log10(1.2948-0.002036*Tabs+ S*0S*(0.0004607-1.475e-6*Tabs))].

UPTON, S. J., and PETERS, E. C., 1986. A new and unusual species of Coccidium (Apicomplexa: Agamococcidiorida) from caribbean scleratinian corals. J. Invert. Pat., 47, 184-193. *A parasite, sometime associated with localized patchy bleaching and necrosis (Puerto Rico, Sept, 1980).

VAN WOESIK, R. V., DE VANTIER, L. M., and GLAZEBROOK, J. S., 1995. Effect of cyclone 'Joy' on nearshore coral communities of the Great Barrier Reef. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 128, 261-270. *Stormwater runoff mid-Dec 1990 (3rd largest in 100y), BL restricted mostly to 1.3-1.7 m depth, all Acropora, Pocillopora damicornis, Seriatopora hystrix. Histopathology : hypertrophy and lysis of epidermal cell, mucus, then loss Z from gastrodermis, most damaged necrosis; resilience of some Acropora by hyperplasia.

VANDERMEULEN, J. H., DAVIES, N. D., and MUSCATINE, L., 1972. The effect of inhibitors of photosynthesis on zooxanthellae in corals and other marine invertebrates. Mar. Biol., 16, 185-191. *DCMU inhibition on photosynthesis (in 5-10 min) and calcification (in 30 min). Methylviolagen lethal at 100mM, polype retracton at 10mM.

VAUGHAN, T. W., 1911. Recent Madreporia of Southern Florida. Yearbook Carnegie Inst., Wash.,, 8, 135-144. *Bleaching at low tide.

VAUGHAN, T. W., 1914. Reef corals of the Bahamas and of the Southern Florida. Yearbook Carnegie Instn., Wash., 13, 222-226. *Paling and bleaching in light-proof live-car after 14-43 days. Salinity experiments.

VAUGHAN, T. W., 1918. The temperature of the Florida coral-reef tract. Carnegie Instn., Wash., Publ., 9, 319-337. *Water temperature from 1879 to 1906 or 1912, 10 day average. Summer maximum temperature Dry Tortugas 29.2-31.3°C, Key West 31.1-32.2°C, Carysfort Reef, 27.5-30.3°C, Fowey Rock 28.2-31.2. About 1°C of range of interannual maximum temperature.

VÉNEC-PEYRÉ, M., 1981. Les foraminifères et la pollution : étude de la microfaune de la cale du Dourduff (embouchure de la rivière de Morlaix). Cahiers Biol. Mar., 22, 25-33. *After Amoco Cadiz oil spill, abnormalities in Protoelphidium from sub-brackish zone for one year : small chamber 20%, irregularities, "soft calcification" 8%, parasitism 15-50%.

VERON, J. E. N., and P. R. MINCHIN, 1992. Correlations between sea surface temperature, circulation patterns and the distribution of hermatypic corals of Japan. In : WOLANSKI, E., and CHOAT, H., Coral reef oceanography. Cont. Shelf Res. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 12/7-8, 835-857. *Diversity controlled by minimum temperature. Local coral mortality and some bleaching in winter 1980, 1982, 1984.

VICENTE, V. P., 1989. Regional commercial sponge extinctions in the West Indies: are recent climatic changes responsible ? P.S.Z.N.I. Mar. Ecol., 10, 179-191. *During the first half of the century. How to know why ?

VICENTE, V. P., 1990. Response of sponges with autotrophic endosymbionts during the coral-bleaching episode in Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs, 8, 199-202. *Sponge BL rather rare and localized.10-30% Xestospongia muta (Petrosiida) with reddish Aphanocapsa (cyanobacteria) on hard-ground 4-15m depth (normally aposymbiotic in deep habitats). Petrosia pellasarca (also Petrosiida) with Aphanocapsa-like. Paling in Anthosigmella varians (Hadromerida) with zooxanthellae.

VICENTE, V. P., 1993. Structural change and vulnerability of a coral reef (Cayo Enrique) in La Paraguera, Puerto Rico. In : Global aspects of coral reefs: health, hazards and history (Rosentiel School Mar. Atmos. Sc.), June 10-11 1993. 227-230. *Studied since 1970. BL in summer 1987, 22% BL of which 44% death by necrosis. Together with hurricanes, Diadema death, sponge and algae competition. Cooling ! since 1958, in situ record, 1958-1964 warmer than 1987 up to 0.6°C (but for annual mean).

VIRGIN, I., SALTER, H., HAGMAN, Å., VASS, I., STYRING, S., and ANDERSSON, B., 1992. Molecular mechanisms behind light-induced inhibition of Photosystem II electron transport and degradation of reaction center polypeptides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1101, 139-142. *Good synthesis. Mostly by Qa overreduction.

VOGELMANN, A. M., ACKERMAN, T. P., and TURCO, R. P., 1992. Enhacements in biologically effective ultraviolet radiation following volcanic eruptions. Nature, 359, 47-49. *Ozone loss after El Chichon, 2-10%, started in late autumn 1982, peaked in winter and returned to normal level in summer; interferences with QBO and ENSO. After Pinatubo, loss of 2-4% maximum, once short-term local depletion of 20%. Atmospheric model indicates an increase of biologically effective UV at sea level of great maximum 8% for El Chichon, probably none with the Pinatubo except 45% for the local value. Concern for future eruption with increasing stratospheric chlorine.

VOSS, G. L., 1989. Crow's nest. Sea Frontiers, 35, 67. *News. Bleaching in pristine area (Dry Tortugas, Florida).

VUKOVICH, F. M., and WADELL, E., 1991. Interaction of a warm ring with the Western slope in the Gulf of Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1062-1074. *One of the few works on warm ring behavior on shelf. Warm rings 250-400km wide, move at 1-14km/ day, live 6-17 months. With slope encounter, a ring becames shallower and bigger, inducing shelf fast anticyclonic current (0.5m/s), and probable shelf-advection.

WALKER, J. C. G., and KASTING, J. F., 1992. Effects of fuel and forest conservation on future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Paleogeogr. Paleoclim. Paleoecol., 97, 151-189. *Model of long-term futur CO2, with return to a (higher) steady state in >50000 years. Shelf carbonate flux modelization (of only 0.012 GTC/y !!) proportional to supersaturation state.

WALKER, J. C. G., and OPDYKE, B. C., 1995. Influence of variable rates of neretic carbonate deposition on atmospheric carbon dioxide and pelagic sediments. Paleoceanogr., 10, 415-427. *Carbon cycle modelling of variable reef calcification with sea level, that can be responsible of pCO2 variation of 80ppm in glacial cycle. I cannot agree : I tested their model and can not reproduce their results. They use irrealistic fluxes, up to 0.3GTC/y for reef, 0.6 for pelagic CaCO3, and only 1.5 for pelagic Corg !

WALKER, N. D., ROBERTS, H. H., ROUSE, L. R., and HUH, O. K., 1982. Thermal history of reef-associated environments during a record cold-air outbreak event. Coral Reefs, 1, 83-87. *Killed corals with temperature below 16°C, some BL observed. Suggestion of cold dense water sinking.

WALKER, N. D., ROUSE, L. J., and HUH, O. K., 1987. Response of subtropical shallow-water environments to cold-air outbreak events: satellite radiometry and heat flux modeling. Cont. Shelf. Res., 7, 735-757. *Successful model predication of reef water temperature, salinity, density from wheather data (Florida, Bahamas). Death of coral in 1977 and 1981 with cold outbreak. Flume of cold sinking water, inducing coral death a few kilometers apart from their formation place.

WALLACE, J. M., 1992. Effect of deep convection on the regulation of tropical sea surface temperature. Nature, 357, 230-231. *Evaporation and large-scale processes act to maintain uniform tropical SST.

WARE, J.R., and REAKA-KUDLA, M., 1992. Coral bleaching as a detection mechanism for global temperature change. In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 22-26 June 1992, Guam. Abstract.. *Free interpretation : "if bleaching is caused by warming only, warming would have been already detected".

WARE, J. R., SMITH, S. V., and REAKA-KUDLA, M. L., 1991. Coral reefs: sources or sinks of atmospheric CO2. Coral reefs, 11, 127-130. *Evidence they are source. Old chemical equations. Alkalinity buffer = 0.6. Note on slope export effect.

WARNER, M. E., FITT, W. K., and SCHMIDT, G. W., 1996. The effects of elevated temperature on the photosynthetic efficiency of zooxanthellae in hospite from four different species of reef coral: a novel approach. Plant Cell Env., 19, 291-299. *Same corals as Fitt and Warner, 1995, without M. cavernosa, with Siderastrea radians from Florida. First exp : 2-4 days at 28-36°C. Fall of Fv/Fm already in A.l. at 30-32°C, in M.a. at 32°C, strongly at 34°C, others at 34°C. Not due to Fo (but contradictory statement in discussion). Qp fall in Ma, stable in Sr; stronger rise of Qnp in Sr than Ma (but to lower level ! ). In Ma, curvilinear relationship between Fv/Fm (whole coral) and F-DCMU (isolated Z) which underestimates (I find not enough data for Sr !). Slow reaction of bleaching signs : in Al 48h 30-32°C, half Z, some lower chlo/Z; in Ma 24h 34°C, half Z, one third chlo/Z. Second exp : T rise 1°C per 20 min in light up to 38°C. "Tc" above 34°C in Ma, not seen in Sr. Regular fall of Fv/Fm, less in Ma. Florida Bay T record with daily variation of 2-3°C, up to 33.5-34°C for 2 weeks in backreef. Discussion on bleaching interspecific (back/fore-reef) adaptation; on mechanism "possibly" "probably" PS II; protection by Qnp (I dont agree for Sr) by xanthophyll, thermal stability, PSII to PSI spillover; parrallel fall of O2 and fluorescence don't indicate O2-site damage ! ; think heat exposure with normal PAR induces damage at O2-site or D1 site; OK that inactive PS II before any Z, chlo change.

WARWICK, R. M., CLARKE, K. R., and SUHARSONO, 1990. A statistical analysis of coral community responses to the 1982-83 El Niño in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Coral Reefs, 8, 171-179. *Complicated but promising statistical analysis at 2 places (Pari and Tikus). Greatest change in 83, approach recovery till 85, than halt (unidentified stress ?). Shift in population structure. What effect of previous variability in dominant species ?

WEERDT, D. W. H., and GLYNN, P. W., 1991. A new and presumably now extinct species of Millepora (Hydrozoa) in the eastern Pacific. Zool. Med. Leiden, 65, 267-276. *Description of a species firstly supposed disappeared after BL in 1983, easely recognizable by its growth form.

WEIS, E., 1981a. Reversible heat-inactivation of the Calvin cycle: a possible mechanism of the temperature regulation of photosynthesis. Planta, 151, 33-39. *Fast and reversible Rubisco inactivation around 35°C, either directly or through thylakoid membrane change, perhaps in order to maintain photosynthesis constant. Remouval of CO2 without T treatment increases inhibition.

WEIS, E., 1981b. The temperature-sensitivity of dark-inactivation and light-activation of the ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase in spinach chloroplasts. FEBS Let., 129, 197-200. *"Rubisco is one of the most heat-sensitive functions of the photosynthetic apparatus". Mild heating (12 min at 30-40°C) of spinach chloroplasts.

WEIS, E., 1982. Influence of light on the heat sensitivity of the photosynthetic apparatus in isolated spinach chloroplasts. Plant Physiol., 70, 1530-1534. *Study of interaction of light and temperature (somewhat contradictory reports). Low light protects (50% inactivation in 6 minutes: in dark at 35°C, in light at 40°C), only at high medium pH (50% inactivation at 33°C at pH 8, at 41°C at pH 6.8). Light-induced acidification may activate Rubisco and/or stabilize water-splitting PSII complex.

WEIS, V. M., 1991. The inducton of carbonic anhydrase in the symbiotic sea anemone Aitasia pulchella. Biol. Bull., 180, 496-504. *Correlation of CA activity and Z number, indicating a CO2 concentration mechanism. BL with cold shock (1 hour at 4°C and then in darkness, 7 weeks recovery) and darkness. Time log law of Z expulsion with cold shock; with delay in darkness.

WEIS, V. M., 1993. Effect of dissolved inorganic carbon concentration on the photosynthesis of the symbiotic sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella Carlgren: role of carbonic anhydrase. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 174, 209-225. *Clone from Java, 14 days, 25°C, 50µE, Artemia fed weekly. Experiment at 500µE 10-15 min, at pH 8.2-8.3. Photosynthesis 26% higher at 5mM C (so DIC limiting), Km=2.37±0.87mM C (no true saturation). 50% inhibition by AZ, dynamic Michaelis or Hill-Witthigham ?. No CA at SW interface. CA localized at or near vacuole (immunogold) but not associated with membrane (centrifugation+ pH assay) (?).

WEIS, V. M., SMITH, G. J., and MUSCATINE, L., 1989. A "CO2 supply" mechanism in zooxanthellate cnidarians: role of the carbonic anhydrase. Mar. Biol., 100, 195-202. *Measure of carbonic anhydrase activity and inhibition of photosynthesis by Diamox. Weak correlation of BL-sensible species and their CA activity (Palythoa variabilis>Gorgonia ventalina>Montastrea cavernosa, Millepora alcicornis>M. dichotoma, Stylophora, but low in Agaricia fragilis, Siderastrea sidera)

WEISS, R. F., JAHNKE, R. A., and KEELING, C. D., 1982. Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater. Nature, 300, 511-513. *Maximum pCO2 in summer in subtropical gyre, according to temperature. Annual range is 20ppm.

WELLINGTON, G. M., and GLEASON, D. F., 1992. Monitoring of ultraviolet light flux along a depth gradient in San Salvador Island, Bahamas. In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 22-26 June 1992, Guam. Abstract. *Mean daily dose of 300nm wavelength at 1m 0.5W/m2 and 0.05W/m2 at 24m. Less absorbance for maxima values and for 375nm.

WELLS. J. M., WELLS, A. H., and VANDERWALKER, J. G., 1973. In situ studies of metabolism in benthic reef communities. Helgoländer Wiss. Meeresunters., 24, 78-81. *In situ bleaching by suspended material of effluent of Biscayne Bay, Florida. Bleached diurnal morph M. cavernosa with polype extended contract under twice normal O2. Bubbles in 2 meters depth only 28-32% O2.

WETZEL, R. G., and J. B. GRACE, 1983. Aquatic plant communities. In : LEMON, E. R., CO2 and plants. The response of plants to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. AAAS Selected Symp. Ser. 84. Westview Press, Boulder, 223-280. *Synthesis of CO2 effect on algae, angiosperm,...Predicted increase of productivity up to twice, particularly in dense algae beds.

WHITE, W., 1983. A narrow boundary current along the Eastern side of the Hawaiian ridge; the North Hawaiin ridge current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1726-1731. *Warm anticyclonic gyres 150-200km wide, East of Hawaii. A special case, provoked by ocean floor topography.

WHITNEY, D. D., 1907. Artificial remouval of the green bodies of Hydra viridis. Biol. Bull., 13, 291-299. *Chlorella expulsion in few days by incubation in 0.5% glycerine, throuht digestive cavity and mouths.

WILKENS, P., 1990. Invertebrates. Stone and false corals, colonial anemones. Wupper-Druck GmbH, Wupperthal, Germany. 136 pp. *Little aquariologist book. Few curious details: trace metals would prevents bleaching. Use of hydroxide calcium and high pH, particularly for Porites and Pocillopora. And: "...such oxygen poisoning, which I have observed in many leather corals, especially in the Xenia-species, is even worsened with additional carbon dioxide, such as through a diffuser...For these reasons, therefore, avoid adding carbon dioxide artificially into the reef aquarium".

WILKERSON, F. P., and MUSCATINE, L., 1984. Uptake and assimilation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen by a symbiotic sea anemone. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 221, 71-86. *Aposymbiotic tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella maintened over years in darkness.

WILKINSON, C. R., 1982. Microbial associations in sponges. III. Ultrastructure of the in situ associations in coral reef sponges. Mar. Biol., 49, 177-185.

WILKINSON, C. R., 1992. Symbiotic interactions between marine sponges and algae. In : REISSER, W., Algae and symbioses: plants animals, fungin, viruses, interactions explored. Biopress Ldt., Bristol, 111-151. *Review.

WILKINSON, C. R., and FAY, P., 1979. Nitrogen fixation in coral reef sponges with symbiotic cyanobacteria. Nature, 279, 527-529.

WILKINSON, C. R., and VACELET, J., 1979. Transplantation of marine sponges to different conditions of light and currents. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 37, 91-104. *Enhanced growth by light and currents in Mediterranean symbiotic sponges.

WILLEMOES, M. M., 1991. Relationship between growth irradiance and the xanthophyll cycle pool in the diatom Nizschia palea. Physiol. Plantarum, 83, 449-456. *De-epoxidation of diadinoxanthin to diatoxanthin with light. Describe a rapid measuring method.

WILLIAMS, E. H., 1991. Threat to black sea urchins. Nature, 352, 385. *News.

WILLIAMS, E. H., and BUNKLEY WILLIAMS, L., 1988. Bleaching of coral reef animals in 1987-1988: an updated summary. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 19-21. *Intermediate general report.

WILLIAMS, E. H., and BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS, L., 1989. Bleaching of Caribbean coral reef symbionts in 1987-1988. In : Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Symp., 1988, Townsville, Australia. 313-318. *Important review. Variability in speed of BL, depth (±more severe in shallow) even on 2 adjacent sites, inshore/outshore, geographical spreading. Organisms. % BL and mortality. Background BL. "Underlying color", previously not mentioned. Golden yellow mucus at Mona Island. First BL of Agaricia in mangrove areas, Puerto Rico. Agaricia BL from edges toward center, deeper colonies striped. Millepora a. upper part to base, M. annularis from base. Palythoa blotched. In public aquarium, St Thomas, Oct 87 rapid, April 88 slow. Only one report of Tridacna.

WILLIAMS, E. H., and BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS, L., 1990a. The world-wide coral reef bleaching cycle and related sources of coral mortality. Atoll Res. Bull., 335, 1-71. *Essential review on in situ mass bleaching.

WILLIAMS, E. H., and BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS, L., 1990b. Coral reef bleaching alert. Nature, 346, 225. *News.

WILLIAMS, E. H., and BUNKLEY-WILLIAMS, L., 1992. 1989-1991 worldwide coral reef bleaching. In : 7th Int. Coral Reef Cong. Abstract., June, 1992, Guam.

WILLIAMS, E. H., and BUNCKLEY-WILLIAMS, L., 1996. A brief summary of marine major ecological disturbances in the Indo-Pacific and a plea for additional information. Galaxea, 13, 109-121. *With just a summary on bleaching.

WILLIAMS, E. H., and J. C. LANG, 1988. Timing, geographic extent, and preliminary assignment of the cause of bleaching. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., (Eds.) Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 2-4. *News. Very calm 87 summer with lower than usual trade winds widely reported. Superheated and hypersaline pocket of water ?

WILLIAMS, E. H., GOENEGA, C., and VICENTE, V., 1987. Mass bleaching on Atlantic coral reefs. Science, 238, 877-878. *News. Minor outbreak in Puerto Rico in 1981 with a ciliate in the affected corals, seemed to be attacking the zooxanthellae (unpublished).

WILSON, E. C., 1990. Mass mortality of the reef coral Pocillopora on the south coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Bull. Soc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 89, 39-41. *Inavailable for me.

WOLANSKI, E., 1987. Some evidence for boundary mixing near coral reefs. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 735-739. *Example of stratification during calm weather in Davies Reef (10-20m depth). Sharp pycnocline with maximum positive ÆT about 0.3°C and time life of order of day. Internal waves of up to 8m amplitude and ±20m size with up and downwelling sides. "Strong thermal stratification is only rarely observed, even in calm wheather".

WOLANSKI, E., and CHOAT, H., 1992. Coral reef oceanography. Cont. Shelf Res., 12, 7-8, Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1002pp. *Collective work with synthetic articles on the subject.

WOLANSKI, E., and HAMMER, W. H., 1988. Topographically controlled fronts in the ocean and their biological influence. Science, 241, 177-181. *Short synthesis on water masses movement in reefs (locals eddies, slick, tidal jet, boundary mixing, buoyancy effects, "complex secondary currents"...). In particular, fronts parrallel to reefs in calm days; warm lagoon waters forming plumes in front of the reefs and downwelling to mid-depth when mixed with open waters (because two different T, S water mass with same density produce denser water).

WOLANSKI, E., and JONES, M., 1980. Watter circulation around Britomart Reef, Great Barrier Reef, during July 1979. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 31, 415-430. *In winter, mostly tide control. Microscale currents evoked.

WOLANSKI, E., and PICKARD, G. L., 1983. Upwelling by internal tides and Kelvin waves at the continental shelf break on the Great Barrier Reef. Aust. J. Mar. Fresw. Res., 34, 65-80. *Barotropic longshore currents (=determined by sea level/ atmospheric pressure) and tides determining offshore temperature and thermocline, may be very important for upwelling.

WOLANSKI, E., and PICKARD, G. L., 1985. Long-term observations of currents on the central Great Barrier Reef continental shelf. Coral Reefs, 4, 47-57. *High correlations over long distance (>400km) of longshore currents, wind components and sea level at low frequencies (7-70 days). Temperature not coherent with those parameters nor over long distances (200km). Data corresponding to the ealy 1982 BL event with seemly no abnormal pattern (30°C in Dec 1979).

WOOD, W. F., 1987. Effect of solar ultra-violet radiation on the kelp Ecklonia radiata. Mar. Biol., 96, 143-150. *Marmion Reef, Western Australia. Low seasonal variation of UVB transparency (29% at 5m depth) but great one of sea-level flux. Photopigment destruction and tissue necrosis in experiments with UV.

WOODLEY, J. D., 1988. Coral bleaching in Jamaica, 1987. In : OGDEN, J., and WICKLUND, R., Mass bleaching of coral reefs in the Caribbean: a research strategy. Nat. Undersea Res. Prog., Res. Rep. 88-2. 33-34. *BL in July, extensive in Sept.-Oct., lessening in Dec, recovery Jan 88 (still BL of Agaricia in 15-35m), low mortality. Agaricia, Diplora l., M. annularis>Acropora cervicornis, Millepora, Palythoa, Porites, Siderastrea, Helioseris>Acropora palmata, Dendrogyra, Diplora, M. complanata. M. annularis 50% BL in shallow (<12m), none deeper (thought same T); most BL on top, some oppposite pattern; variable BL in between ramets. Partial BL of deep Agaricia in Oct. of the previous years (Porter) Begin BL at T normal for Sept.-Oct. (29.6°C).

YAMAGUCHI, M., 1975. Sea level fluctuations and mass mortalities of reef animals in Guam, Mariana Islands. Micronesia, 11, 227-234 *Sea level drop of 44cm in Oct. 1972 in relation to ENSO, with 37.7°C, 22°% salinity and anaeroby induced extensive mortality. No bleaching described.

YAMAMURO, M., KAYANNE, H., and MINAGAWA, M., 1995. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of primary producers in coral reef ecosystems. Limnol. Oc., 40, 617-621. *Coral 13Corg between -12.1 and -14.6°%.

YAMAZOTO, K., 1981. A note on the expulsion of zooxanthellae during summer, 1980 by the Okinawan reef-building corals. Sesoko Mar. Sci. Lab. Tech. Rep., 8, 9-18. *Summer 80, at least entire Okinawa. Maximum depth 4m. Particularly Seriatopora, Stylophora, Pocillopora, Montipora; ± Acropora, Millepora. More sunshine hours, less rainfall, low spring time in afternoon. Record T in situ 32.35°C, monthly mean T in situ +0.5°C more than previous year (29.5°C), in air ± normal. Seawater denser in summer.

YANKO, V., KRONFELD, J., and FLEXER, A., 1994. Response of benthic Foraminifera to various pollution sources: implications for pollution monitoring. J. Foram. Res., 24, 1-17. *Up to 2-3% individuals of 16 species of small foram with abnormal tests in Haifa Bay contaminated with heavy metals.

YAP, H. T., ALIÑO, P. M., and GOMEZ, E. D., 1992. Trends in growth and mortality of three coral species (Anthozoa: Scleratinia), including effects of transplantation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 83, 91-101. *Philipine, June 1983. Paling of upper face of P. damicornis. Recovery began in August with rainy season and lowering T. Transplants of Acropora and Pocillopora with extensive BL, not of Pavona. Min-max T 28-33°C July-Aug. 1983 (no data for June).

YELLOWLESS, D., DIONISIO-SESE, M., MASUDA, K., MARUYAMA, T., ABE, T., BAILLIE, B., TSUZUKI, M., and MIYACHI, S., in press. The role of carbonic anhydrase in the supply of inorganic carbon to the giant clam - zooxanthellate symbiosis. *28°C, 40, 85 and 260µE light. Silicone technique (pb CA Anderson assy ?). Haemolymph, night: ·C 2.2mM, pH 7.3, day ·C 1.6mM, pH 8. Equilibrium with SW (no active uptake), no effect of AZ. Time response Å20min, no sharp delimitation light/dark. Photosynthesis in 0 ·C, -40%, decrease 36% haemolyph CA (why ? ). Respiration increase in depleted Ci SW. Only 0.2% CA on external Z membrane, use only of CO2 (but in experiment with photosynthesis at 25% its normal level). Low CA in BL part. "Considerable numbers of zooxanthellae in fecal pellets in clams preincubated overnight in carbon depleted SW".

YOKOYA, N. S., 1992. Effects of salinity on the growth rate, morphology and water content of some Brazilian red algae of economic importance. Ciencias Mar., 18, 49-64. *BL and death in few days at low salinity (15-20°%) while high salinity does not affect pigmentation.

YONGE, C. M., 1966. Algal mutualism. In : Marine biology III. Proc. 3rd Int. Interdisc. Conf., 1964, Princeton, New Jersey. New York Acad. Press, Edmonson, W. T., New York. 243-251. *General discussion. BL as a "generalized stress reaction". Low O2 induces BL, but no detail.

YONGE, C. M., 1973. The nature of reef-building (hermatypic) corals. Bull. Mar. Sc., 23, 1-15. *"Colourless colonies of hermatypes are from time to time encountred in deep shade, usually under some man-made erection".

YONGE, C. M., and NICHOLLS, A. G., 1930. Studies on the physiology of corals. II. Digestive enzymes. Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-29, Sc. Rept., 1, 61-81. *See all digestive enzymes. Fast digestion of protein, slight of fat, no of carbhydrate of vegetale origin (only glycogen). Coelenteric fluid pH 7.8, when digestion 7.1.

YONGE, C. M., and NICHOLLS, A. G., 1931a. Studies on the physiology of corals. IV. The structure, distribution and physiology of the zooxanthellae. Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-29, Sc. Rept., 1, 135-176. *BL Fev 1929, "dead calm weather" , 35.1°C at least. Dead corals, Favia and Goniastrea bleached, 1-3 months for recovery. Expulsion of healthy Z only at the absortive zone. One month after, both expulsion and clear sign of division and increase Z number in superficial endoderm. Experiments: in darkness: BL in 4-5 months; with temperature: death at 40°C, death or BL at 36°C for 1/2 to 2 hours. As Z appear healthy, hypothese of starvation of CO2, N or P.

YONGE, C. M., and NICHOLLS, A. G., 1931b. Studies on the physiology of corals. V. The effect of starvation in light and in darkness on the relationship between corals and zooxanthellae. Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-29, Sc. Rept., 1, 177-211. *Expulsion of Z is the first response to starvation (as soon as 7 days). In the light, 25% expulsed Z are still alive, in the darkness Z are all dead.

YONGE, C. M., YONGE, M. J., and NICHOLLS, A. G., 1932. Studies on the physiology of corals. VI. The relationship between respiration in corals and the production of oxygen by their zooxanthellae. Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-29, Sc. Rept., 1, 213-251. *BL and death in 2 to 6 days in low O2 and in dark. Z expulsion or death in 2-3 weeks in lighted sealed jars, low pH and O2, but maybe also starvation. Low P/R ratio at 30°C in summer.

YOUNG, A. J., 1991. The photoprotective role of carotenoids in higher plants. Physiol. Plant., 83, 702-708. *Review. Primarly on xanthophyll cycle.

YOUNG, I. R., 1989. Wave transformation over coral reefs. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9779-9789. *Wave height in lagoon controlled by depth tide and seaward wave. Important waves induced by wind with 1km fitch. Seaward waves highly attenuated by bottom friction + breaking, with flat spectrum. Breaking Hs=0.78 depth.

ZEA, S., and DUQUE TOBON, F., 1989. Bleaching of reef organisms in the Santa Marta Region, Colombia: 1987 Caribbean-wide event. Trianea, 3, 37-51. *First Cartegena mid July, Santa Marta 30 Sept-21 Oct, Guajira in Nov. BL <10%, Porites, Meandrina, Sideastrea, Favia, Montastrea cavernosa (not M. annularis), Millepora, octocoral, zoanthid, paling Palythoa, 1 Anthosigmella varians. More in shallow 8-12m, few at 27m. Recovery 1-5 months. No mortality. "Chronic level of BL since early 80's". General decline. Higher T than in 86 ?

ZEREFOS, C. S., BAIS, A. F., ZIOMAS, I., and BOJKOV, R. D., 1992. On the relative importance of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and El Niño/Southern Oscillation in the revised Dobson total ozone records. J. Geophys. Res., 97/D9, 10135-10144. *Less ozone when ENSO, about 2%, as well as with QBO.

ZIBROWIUS, H., and RAMOS, A. A., 1983. Oculina patagonica, sclératinaire exotique en Méditerranée - nouvelles observations dans le Sud-Est de l'Espagne. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Médit., 28, 297-301. *Zooxantellate species, probably introduced from Atlantic South America in the years 1600. Unusually resistant species (harbor pollution, mining waste, sand, thermal plant 11.2 to >26°C). Bleached when transplanted in dark cave for 29 months and recovered after.